Tunis, sentence 148
From Wikipedia, «Tunis», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with urban sprawl.
Who acts: urban growth · What happens: estimate, increase, change · To what, where: urban growth, landscape
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tunis». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (urban growth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | However | however | ADV | _ | 20 changing | advmod |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 However | punct |
| 3 | urban | urban | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 growth | amod |
| 4 | growth | growth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 changing | nsubj |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 estimated | punct |
| 6 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 estimated | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 estimated | aux:pass |
| 8 | estimated | estimate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 growth | acl:relcl |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 11 increasing | mark |
| 10 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 11 increasing | aux |
| 11 | increasing | increase | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 estimated | advcl |
| 12 | by | by | ADP | _ | 14 hectares | case |
| 13 | 500 | 500 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 hectares | nummod |
| 14 | hectares | hectare | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 increasing | obl |
| 15 | per | per | ADP | _ | 16 year | case |
| 16 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 hectares | nmod |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 growth | punct |
| 18 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 changing | aux |
| 19 | gradually | gradually | ADV | _ | 20 changing | advmod |
| 20 | changing | change | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 22 landscape | det |
| 22 | landscape | landscape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 changing | obj |
| 23 | with | with | ADP | _ | 25 sprawl | case |
| 24 | urban | urban | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 sprawl | amod |
| 25 | sprawl | sprawl | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 changing | obl |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 20 changing | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | estimate | present · passive | urban growth | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value | |||||
| 2 | increase | to-infinitive · progressive | by 500 hectares per year | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | change | present · progressive | urban growth | the landscape | with urban sprawl; gradually, however property | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent landscape=Theme with sprawl=Co-Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Tunis», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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