Tunisia, sentence 82
From Wikipedia, «Tunisia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The Arab historian Ibn Khaldun wrote that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.
Who acts: Arab historian, lands · What happens: write, ravage, become · To what, where: lands, arid desert
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tunisia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Arab historian, lands), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 historian | det |
| 2 | Arab | Arab | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 historian | amod |
| 3 | historian | historian | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 wrote | nsubj |
| 4 | Ibn | Ibn | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 historian | appos |
| 5 | Khaldun | Khaldun | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 Ibn | flat |
| 6 | wrote | write | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 16 become | mark |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 lands | det |
| 9 | lands | land | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 become | nsubj |
| 10 | ravaged | ravage | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 lands | acl |
| 11 | by | by | ADP | _ | 14 invaders | case |
| 12 | Banu | Banu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 14 invaders | compound |
| 13 | Hilal | Hilal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 Banu | flat |
| 14 | invaders | invader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 ravaged | obl |
| 15 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 become | aux |
| 16 | become | become | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 6 wrote | ccomp |
| 17 | completely | completely | ADV | _ | 18 arid | advmod |
| 18 | arid | arid | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 desert | amod |
| 19 | desert | desert | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 become | xcomp |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 wrote | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | write | past | the Arab historian | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | ravage | participle | the lands not said here | by Banu invaders | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | become | past · perfect | the lands | arid desert | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Tunisia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Tunisia/82/