Vanuatu, sentence 120
From Wikipedia, «Vanuatu», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu.
Who acts: many planters, held kastom · What happens: begin, fence off, clear, deem, hold, be · To what, where: 1960s, large areas, cattle ranching
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Vanuatu». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many planters, held kastom), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 1960s | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 1960s | det |
| 3 | 1960s | 1960s | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 7 began | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 1960s | punct |
| 5 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 planters | amod |
| 6 | planters | planter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 began | nsubj |
| 7 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | fencing | fence | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 began | xcomp |
| 9 | off | off | ADP | _ | 8 fencing | compound:prt |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 clearing | cc |
| 11 | clearing | clear | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 fencing | conj |
| 12 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 areas | amod |
| 13 | areas | area | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 clearing | obj |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 15 bushland | case |
| 15 | bushland | bushland | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 areas | nmod |
| 16 | for | for | ADP | _ | 18 ranching | case |
| 17 | cattle | cattle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 ranching | compound |
| 18 | ranching | ranching | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 clearing | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 deemed | punct |
| 20 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 23 deemed | nsubj:pass |
| 21 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 deemed | aux:pass |
| 22 | often | often | ADV | _ | 23 deemed | advmod |
| 23 | deemed | deem | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 ranching | acl:relcl |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 30 lands | mark |
| 25 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 30 lands | cop |
| 26 | communally | communally | ADV | _ | 30 lands | advmod |
| 27 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 26 communally | punct |
| 28 | held | hold | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 29 kastom | amod |
| 29 | kastom | kastom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 lands | nsubj |
| 30 | lands | land | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 deemed | advcl |
| 31 | by | by | ADP | _ | 32 Ni | case |
| 32 | Ni | Ni | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 lands | obl |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 34 Vanuatu | punct |
| 34 | Vanuatu | Vanuatu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 Ni | conj |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 began | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | past | many planters | the 1960s | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 2 | fence off | gerund | many planters not said here | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | clear | gerund | many planters not said here | large areas of bushland | for cattle ranching | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent area=Product for ranching=Beneficiary | |||
| 4 | deem | past · passive | cattle ranching | often property | vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Attribute | ||||
| 5 | hold | participle | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | is | to-infinitive | held kastom | by Ni and Vanuatu; communally, land property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Vanuatu», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vanuatu/120/