Zimbabwe, sentence 36
From Wikipedia, «Zimbabwe», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Approximately 2,000 years ago, the first Bantu-speaking farmers arrived during the Bantu expansion.
Who acts: first speaking farmers · What happens: speak, arrive · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Zimbabwe». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (first speaking farmers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Approximately | approximately | ADV | _ | 2 2,000 | advmod |
| 2 | 2,000 | 2000 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 3 years | nummod |
| 3 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 4 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 12 arrived | advmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 4 ago | punct |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 farmers | det |
| 7 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 11 farmers | amod |
| 8 | Bantu | Bantu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 speaking | compound |
| 9 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 8 Bantu | punct |
| 10 | speaking | speak | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 11 farmers | amod |
| 11 | farmers | farmer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 arrived | nsubj |
| 12 | arrived | arrive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 13 | during | during | ADP | _ | 16 expansion | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 expansion | det |
| 15 | Bantu | Bantu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 expansion | compound |
| 16 | expansion | expansion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 arrived | obl |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 arrived | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | speak speech: other | gerund | Bantu compound | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | arrive | past | the first speaking farmers | during the Bantu expansion | ago property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Zimbabwe», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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