Zimbabwe, sentence 388
From Wikipedia, «Zimbabwe», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
The hills were formed over two billion years ago with granite being forced to the surface, then being eroded to produce smooth "whaleback dwalas" and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation.
What happens: form, force, erode, produce, break, intersperse · To what, where: hills, smooth
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Zimbabwe». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 hills | det |
| 2 | hills | hill | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 formed | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 formed | aux:pass |
| 4 | formed | form | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | over | over | ADV | _ | 7 billion | advmod |
| 6 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 7 billion | compound |
| 7 | billion | billion | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 8 years | nummod |
| 8 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 9 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 4 formed | advmod |
| 10 | with | with | ADP | _ | 11 granite | case |
| 11 | granite | granite | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 forced | obl |
| 12 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 forced | aux:pass |
| 13 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 formed | parataxis |
| 14 | to | to | ADP | _ | 16 surface | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 surface | det |
| 16 | surface | surface | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 forced | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 eroded | punct |
| 18 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 20 eroded | advmod |
| 19 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 eroded | aux:pass |
| 20 | eroded | erode | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 13 forced | conj |
| 21 | to | to | PART | _ | 22 produce | mark |
| 22 | produce | produce | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 20 eroded | xcomp |
| 23 | smooth | smooth | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 produce | obj |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 dwalas | punct |
| 25 | whaleback | whaleback | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 dwalas | compound |
| 26 | dwalas | dwala | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 smooth | appos |
| 27 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 dwalas | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 kopjes | cc |
| 29 | broken | break | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 30 kopjes | amod |
| 30 | kopjes | kopje | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 dwalas | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 strewn | punct |
| 32 | strewn | strewn | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 dwalas | parataxis |
| 33 | with | with | ADP | _ | 34 boulders | case |
| 34 | boulders | boulder | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 strewn | obl |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 interspersed | cc |
| 36 | interspersed | intersperse | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 32 strewn | conj |
| 37 | with | with | ADP | _ | 38 thickets | case |
| 38 | thickets | thicket | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 interspersed | obl |
| 39 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 vegetation | case |
| 40 | vegetation | vegetation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 thickets | nmod |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 formed | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | form | past · passive | the hills | ago property | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | force | gerund · passive | with granite; to the surface | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP» | |||||
| 3 | erode | gerund · passive | then | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | produce | to-infinitive | smooth | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smooth=Result | |||||
| 5 | break | participle | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 6 | intersperse | participle | with thickets of vegetation | vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with thicket=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Zimbabwe», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
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