upward
part of speech
adverb (upward, upwards); adjective (upward)
meaning for a pupil
1) Upward means going up, towards a higher place. tree →
2) Upward also means getting bigger or higher in number, like prices or temperature going upward. tree →
3) As an adjective, an upward move or slope is one that goes up. tree →
sense in the lessons
In the Tanakh and Jewish tradition: In the Torah, "from twenty years old and upward" means counting all people of that age and older, such as those who gave the half-shekel offering. Interpretation: The counting of those from twenty up was for adult men who could serve in the army or give the offering. The rabbis learned from it that a person is counted as a full adult at twenty. In the primary lessons: In maths: movement up, such as a lift, a climber or a snail going up; it adds to the height; with «downward» it takes away. On graphs: an upward line means the amount grows. In science: hot air and smoke move upward; plants grow upward towards the light. Phrases: move upward, look upward, upward slope, upwards of (more than).
examples
- Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. (Torah GEN.7.20, JPS 1917) tree →
- Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and upward, shall give the offering of the LORD. (Torah EXO.30.14, JPS 1917) tree →
- 'Number the children of Levi by their fathers' houses, by their families; every male from a month old and upward shalt thou number them.' (Torah NUM.3.15, JPS 1917) tree →
- But man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward. (Writings JOB.5.7, JPS 1917) tree →
- It seemed as when men wield upwards axes in a thicket of trees. (Writings PSA.74.5, JPS 1917) tree →
- And the border of the Amorites was from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela, and upward. (Prophets JDG.1.36, JPS 1917) tree →
- The snail crawls 3 metres upward each day and slides 2 down at night. tree →
- The lift moved upward 4 floors. tree →
- The balloon rose upward 50 metres. tree →
- The temperature went upward by 6 degrees. tree →
- Smoke drifts upward from the chimney. tree →
- She looked upward at the stars. tree →
- The line on the graph goes upward, so sales grew. tree →
- Plants grow upward towards the sun. tree →
- The path climbs upward to the top of the hill. tree →
- Splash! splash! the water leaped upward into spray. tree →
note
«Upward» and «upwards» are both adverbs; «upwards» is more common in the UK, «upward» in the USA. Before a noun use «upward»: an upward slope. «Upwards of 50» means more than 50. Points to adding (going higher); with «downward» it takes away. Trap: in the snail problem the net climb is 1 metre a day, but on the last day it reaches the top before sliding back.
In the corpora
- Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered.
- Every one that passeth among them that are numbered, from twenty years old and upward, shall give the offering of the LORD.
- And the border of the Amorites was from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela, and upward.
- And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.
- And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.
Trees and pragmatics
Every meaning and example of «upward» parsed by Mova, each sentence with its dependency tree and frames.