Ordinal and multiplicative numerals: first, fifth, once, twice
Gist. Ordinal numerals, except the first three (first, second, third), are formed with the suffix -th: fourth, fifth, sixth, … twentieth, hundredth. In compounds only the last word becomes ordinal: twenty-first, a hundred and second. In digits — 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. Multiplicative numeral adverbs are once, twice, bookish thrice; beyond that periphrastically: three times.
Conditions and exceptions.
- Spelling: five → fifth, twelve → twelfth (v → f), eight → eighth (one t), nine → ninth (no e), twenty → twentieth (y → ie).
- Second is ambiguous: ordinal (the second day) and a noun for the unit of time (a second), which has no
NumType. - Ordinals act as adjectives (the third book: ADJ), adverbs (first, we…: ADV) and in dates as nouns (July 3rd: NOUN) — in all cases
NumType=Ord. - Fractions: a half, a third, two thirds — mostly NOUN with
NumType=Frac. - Once meaning "as soon as" (once you finish) is the conjunction SCONJ, without
NumType.
Examples. the fifth chapter; she came first; July 4th; I called twice; once a week.
In UD. Ordinals: ADJ (JJ), ADV (RB) or NOUN with NumType=Ord (and NumForm=Word or Combi for 4th). Once, twice: ADV, RB, NumType=Mult. Cardinals: NUM, CD, NumType=Card.
Sources. Sweet NEG I §1170–1176 (text-1, p. 392–394: first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; -ieth; only the last member of a compound becomes ordinal; fractions), §1504 (text-1, p. 462: once, twice, thrice); Whitney §215–218 (text-1, p. 112–113); Santorini 1990, §2, p. 1 (ordinals — JJ); UD docs/_en/feat/NumType.md (Card, Ord, Mult: once, twice, Frac); Jespersen MEG VI 24.4₁–24.4₄ (text-5, p. 455–457: fifth, twelfth, eighth, -tieth; two thirds), 18.1₁ (p. 319–320: once, twice, thrice with adverbial -s); Kruisinga II.3 §§1693, 1706–1710 (text-4, p. 69, 74–75); Mätzner I, p. 288–289 (text-1, p. 306–307: fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth; twenty-first).
rule: en.morph.ordinal-form
what: NumType=Ord — only a word in -th, -st, -nd, -rd acting as ADJ, ADV or NOUN
match: n[feats.NumType=Ord, !feats.Typo]
require: n[suffix=th|st|nd|rd, upos=ADJ|ADV|NOUN]
severity: warn
source: UD en feat/NumType (Ord: ADJ, ADV, NOUN); Sweet NEG I §1170–1175
rule: en.morph.ordinal-words
what: first, third, fifth… as ADJ or ADV — NumType=Ord
match: n[upos=ADJ|ADV, form=first|third|fourth|fifth|sixth|seventh|eighth|ninth|tenth|eleventh|twelfth|thirteenth|twentieth|thirtieth|hundredth|thousandth|millionth, !feats.Typo]
require: n[feats.NumType=Ord]
severity: warn
source: UD en feat/NumType (Ord); Sweet NEG I §1170–1175
rule: en.morph.multiplicative-once-twice
what: once, twice, thrice as an adverb — NumType=Mult
match: n[upos=ADV, form=once|twice|thrice, !feats.Typo]
require: n[feats.NumType=Mult]
severity: warn
source: UD en feat/NumType (Mult: once, twice); Sweet NEG I §1504
rule: en.morph.cardinal-numtype
what: a cardinal numeral tagged CD — NumType Card (or Frac for fractions in digits)
match: n[upos=NUM, xpos=CD]
require: n[feats.NumType=Card|Frac]
severity: error
source: UD en feat/NumType (Card: CD)
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/en/seeds/morph/num-ordinal-mult/