Possession and changes in quantity

Gist. The verb says how the owner's quantity changes (ARIS, Hosseini 2014; Roy & Roth 2018: HAVE, GET, GIVE, CONSTRUCT, DESTROY).

Conditions and exceptions. "Give" decreases for the giver and increases for the receiver; which of the two is asked is decided by the question. A motion verb with the particle "away" is a departure, like "leave": the place or group loses ("42 bird families flew away"). Harvest verbs (pick, harvest, pluck) take from a stock that grows somewhere: when the story already counted that stock ("the tree had 7 apples", "a farmer had 160 tomatoes in his garden"), picking makes it smaller; the picker gains only what nobody counted before ("Sara picked 45 pears"). Growing is making: "Haley grew 9 trees" creates them from nothing.

Examples. "She eats three" — she has three fewer; "He buys 5 more" — five more.

Sources. Hosseini et al. 2014 (EMNLP); Roy & Roth 2018 (TACL).

have = survive remain carry attend have own contain hold be keep weigh measure cost take need require last total belong owned retain store included include lacking lack protect guard worn display exhibit owe stocks
get + get grab pick_up get_on buy receive find collect earn gain win pick gather borrow catch add increase save raise harvest purchase acquire rent bring collected milk order pocket score scoring shop taken increased hire getting attract trap accept hunt trapped absorb chosen hunting steal fetch net rescue winning download hook claim loot mine adopted capture foster renew reserve scoop snatch stole lure refill reserves trapping inherited nick recover
give ± contribute provide mail donate_away hand_out give pass hand_over sell lend pay send donate hand share distribute split divide deliver offer charge trade email distributed forward gift return serve ship post spare present feed tip feeding deal fed text reward lent refund loan supply barter hawk inject sponsor sprinkle tipped courier pawn vending
make + make bake build plant grow cook write draw create produce knit paint fold sew prepare fill pack baked baking colored colour growing laid painted painting pen planted seed sown tailor lay print model drawn paved copy printing written laying grown cooking cooked invent barbecue digging mould breed hatch designed dug forging building craft stitch rebuild yield carving rear roast stew carve churn combine forge fry frying germinate prepared scribble sprout develop developed drawing fashion foal grill knitting mint publish published rewrite
lose - reduce disappear spill melt lose eat spend use break drink throw remove cut burn waste sink die leave drop decrease consume destroy discard abandon put_down get_off delete pop fly_away run_away go_away walk_away swim_away empty broken crunch drip junk missing snack torn trim used wasted ditch shed drain gone wasting shrink bite swallow kill clear bin burning rip damage crack evaporate burst crash snap chew dissolve spoil leak melting chewing explode crush fallen release broke recycle tear recycling dissolved squash sip decay chip rust vanish dropping rot burnt crumble drunk ruin destroyed flake wound crumple dying gulp nibble puncture rotted squirt thaw tore weeds betting clearing clipped clipping dispose expire gamble overeat popping sample scrap scrunch seep seeping smash topple
move = move hurry choose come start gnaw wake run walk drive travel journey ride swim fly jog go read work play practice study type watch answer ask bag board book box count do group learn listen look number place practise put row see shell spoon stamp tell test undo rest combined pair line queue back quarter block bottle complete fence file inch jump park pound rose sit tag water arrive attended beat bend bike boat bob bowl breathe bunch bundle button call camp camping challenge check climb close compare comparing cover covered cross dance dice drove duck fall farm film finish finished fish fit flip follow frame garden grade head heap heat help holiday hop hose join joining land lap lie lift list lunch march mark match matched meet mix mixed moved moving nail nap note open organized pace paraphrase partner party peel phone picnic pile point pool pot pour pull push question race reach review riding ring roll rolled sail saw seat set shape shaped shelter show skip sleep solved speed stand stay step stick stop string strip stuck tap tape tie tied tile till time toss track train trip turn uncovered visit wait wax wear wheel working bow balance bicycle log strike pump crossing dig scout scale circle repair quiz repeat thread hike switch hang layer flash blink chase spring driven coach stack light ferry swap shake thrown repeating strung slice lying tour pressed arranged typing graze pet disguise dash survey sign balancing clean guess cycle exchange hide striking pause warm touch cool smell wet dry calm talk hear running wash wind try shout laugh spread sand wave notice speak joke taste thank rock swimming knock sting float talking blow hit kick freeze slip brush slide flow handle washing cutting rub lock cry lean press plug rise fight scare stroke lead touching pin scratch invite reply shouting crying greet glue smile hearing sitting swing wipe act fix hug nurse putting sweat escape squeeze chat brushing coat teach greeting tidy whistle lower microwave shut rinse sneeze sniff argue lick lit smooth pat speaking click glow label poke shine spot bark bump exercise filter cough spin spit washed bang touched boiling bounce leap skate unplug attack stare wrap bent enter flowing freezing whisper bury dust floating laughing separated shopping heard iron load spray boil solve hitting rubbing stir grip search soak sort splash suck toast cooling dive talks blowing cheer crawl rising slam spots tackle twist floss pinch pressing separate shower spreading stung sweating vacuum waving celebrate clap dress growl tilt tilted drill paddle rush scream slap stretch vibrate wag wrapped blown exit kiss paw peek rake relax shivering spinning swat tucked bandage drag pitch sing thump zip correct seek skateboard tuck guide migrate nod tiptoe wander yawning buried explore labelled pollinate seal sealed shot sledding trace comb cuddle edited hugging photograph rushing scrub shiver shooting stretching swoop telephone crouch drum fidget honk mow reverse reversed scan shuffle singing sledge sweep tagged tickle yawn yell advance approach dragging flick hammer mend parade pedal petting plough polish scatter screaming slipping steer stirred tapping tumble wade wobble blend canoe chop dip herd jiggle mop parachute pilot shaken stirring travelling creep drift erupt flatten frisbee gesture giggle harness jolt lash lurch monitor motor pounce pray prick rebound ripple shampoo shave shaving ski squint studying stuff swish tend tighten travelled trespassing twitch tying unpack vaccinated wiggle anchor batting buckle burrow buzz chill clapping claw collide cram dangling dart deploy dock doze dunk flapping fling grate gripping hum install jaywalk jerk kayak moor mumble outrun paste progress roar rustle sanitise scrubbed scrubbing sharpened sigh sneak sparkle spat spoke squeak stalk stride stumble sunbathe supervising sway tripping tune twang twinkle umpire underline varnish whirl wrestling yank zigzag zoom adjust applied arrange babysit babysitting bolt boo cartwheel cling coiled connected crackle dangle debate descend dial discuss dodge edit entertain evacuate examine filing fitted flap flaps flee flicker fluttering frown glance glide groan humming juggling kneel launch limp limping lounge marking mash misspell mopping nodding outline overtake patrol paving peep perform pose position raft rafts recharge replay research reset restart revise revised scanning scroll sharpen shepherd shove skim skimmed sleepwalking snoring sprint stray studied stutter surround surrounded swept swirl swivel taxi thrash toddle tremble trot trumpet trumpets tug unload unwrapped update vaccinating vault wedged wheeze wince wrapping wriggling wring yelping yip

get -> increase : got — the owner has more
give -> decrease : gave — the giver has less
give -> increase : gave — the receiver has more
make -> increase : made — there is more
lose -> decrease : lost, ate, spent — there is less

increase: increase more gain
decrease: decrease less fewer left remain
harvest: pick harvest pluck

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