Pronouns in Biblical Aramaic
Independent pronouns, suffixes on nouns, prepositions and verbs, demonstratives, interrogatives, indefinites and the relative. References: Rosenthal 1961 (chapters on pronouns and suffixes); Bauer and Leander 1927 §§ 19–25; Johns 1972; Greenspahn 2003, ch. 5, 10, 11. Forms are taken from the WLC text of Daniel and Ezra (public domain) and checked against MACULA's tagging (CC BY 4.0, counted 2026-10-17). Where a form is not attested in the Bible, it is marked "—" and not reconstructed. Checked 2026-10-18 against the public-domain grammars on disk: Kautzsch 1884 (§§ 18–22, 37, 53, 67–68), Strack 1901 (§ 6) and, where cited, Bauer and Leander 1927; forms in the paradigm tables that these grammars do not list are marked * (regular, not attested).
1. Independent personal pronouns
| person | form | translit. | attested | Hebrew |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | אֲנָה | ʾănā | Dan 2:23; 3:25; 4:31 (13× in MACULA as subject) | אֲנִי, אָנֹכִי |
| 2 m. sg. | אַנְתְּ (Ketiv אנתה) | ʾant | Dan 2:29; 6:17 (Qere) | אַתָּה |
| 3 m. sg. | הוּא | hū | Dan 2:21–22 | הוּא |
| 3 f. sg. | הִיא | hī | Dan 2:20, 44 | הִיא |
| 1 pl. | אֲנַחְנָא; once אֲנַחְנָה | ʾănaḥnā | Dan 3:16–17; Ezra 5:11; אֲנַחְנָה Ezra 4:16 | אֲנַחְנוּ |
| 2 m. pl. | אַנְתּוּן | ʾantūn | Dan 2:8 | אַתֶּם |
| 3 m. pl. | הִמּוֹ (Ezra), הִמּוֹן (Daniel); אִנּוּן (both) | himmō(n); ʾinnūn | הִמּוֹ Ezra 5:11; 4:10; הִמּוֹן Dan 2:35; 3:22; אִנּוּן Ezra 5:4; Dan 2:44; 6:25 | הֵם, הֵמָּה |
| 3 f. pl. | אִנִּין (Qere; Ketiv אנון) | ʾinnīn | Dan 7:17 | הֵנָּה |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §18, pp. 41–42; Strack 1901 §6a, p. 17. Corrected: the 1 sg. is אֲנָה only (both grammars; Kautzsch §18 Anm. 1 says the Masora requires ־ה everywhere, and the WLC has no אֲנָא); הִמּוֹן is the Daniel form, not Ezra's (Kautzsch: הִמּוֹ Ezra, הִמּוֹן Dan 2:34–35; 3:22; Strack marks הִמּוֹ "e", הִמּוֹן "b"). The 2 f. sg. and 2 f. pl. are not attested in the Bible (Kautzsch p. 41); Strack lists a 2 f. sg. אנתי from the Aswan papyri only. Second pass 2026-10-18: Bauer and Leander 1927 §19b–e, p. 69, give the same table (אֲנָה; Ketiv אנתה, read probably אַנְתָּה, Qere אַנְתְּ everywhere; אֲנַחְנָה, אֲנַחְנָא; הִמּוֹ Ezra, הִמּוֹן Daniel, אִנּוּן; אִנִּין; no 2nd feminine forms); they note that the variant אֲנָא in Dan 2:8 and Ezra 6:12 is rejected by the Masora.
Notes:
- The 2 m. sg. is written אנתה (Ketiv) and read אַנְתְּ (Qere): the older Imperial spelling with final ־ה against the later pronunciation without a final vowel. The n before t is historical (ʾanta; Hebrew assimilated it: אַתָּה).
- The 3 m. pl. has two forms: הִמּוֹ (Ezra, mostly as a direct object: Ezra 4:10; 5:12) / הִמּוֹן (Daniel, also as object: Dan 2:35; 3:22) and אִנּוּן (Daniel and Ezra 5:4), which survives into all later Aramaic (Onkelos אִנּוּן, JPA אינון, Zohar אינון; JBA has אִינְהוּ). This is one of the features that separate the older Ezra documents from Daniel (Rosenthal 1961).
- As a copula. A 3rd-person pronoun often links subject and predicate: אֱלָהֲכוֹן הוּא אֱלָהּ אֱלָהִין "your God — he is the God of gods" = "your God is the God of gods" (Dan 2:47); אֲנַחְנָא הִמּוֹ עַבְדוֹהִי "we are his servants" (Ezra 5:11). In JBA this becomes the enclitic copula ניהו; in the Zohar איהו (Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic §7).
Aramaic: אֲנַחְנָא הִמּוֹ עַבְדוֹהִי דִי־אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא
Translit.: ʾănaḥnā himmō ʿaḇḏōhī ḏī-ʾĕlāh šəmayyā wə-ʾarʿā
Gloss: we COP.3MPL servant.M.PL-3MS REL-god.CST heaven.DET and-earth.DET
English: we are the servants of the God of heaven and earth
Source: Ezra 5:11 (WLC, public domain)
2. Pronominal suffixes on nouns
The suffixes have two sets, as in Hebrew: one for singular nouns (and feminine plurals in ־ָת), one for masculine plurals (where the plural ־ַי־ fuses with the suffix).
| person | on a singular noun | example | on a m. plural noun | example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | ־ִי -ī | מַלְכוּתִי "my kingdom" (Ezra 7:13) | ־ַי -ay | עַיְנַי "my eyes" (Dan 4:31) |
| 2 m. sg. | ־ָךְ -āḵ | מַלְכוּתָךְ "your kingdom" (Dan 5:26) | ־ָיִךְ -āyiḵ (Ketiv) / ־ָךְ (Qere) | עַבְדָיךְ "your servants" (Ezra 4:11) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־ֵהּ -ēh | שְׁמֵהּ "his name" (Dan 2:20) | ־וֹהִי -ōhī | עַבְדוֹהִי "his servants" (Ezra 5:11); בִּרְכוֹהִי "his knees" (Dan 6:11) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־ַהּ -ah | (on prepositions and verbs, see §3–4; on nouns, see the note) | ־ַהּ -ah (Qere; Ketiv ־יה) | |
| 1 pl. | ־ַנָא -anā | אֱלָהַנָא "our God" (Dan 3:17) | ־ַנָא -anā (Qere; Ketiv ־ינא) | |
| 2 m. pl. | ־כוֹן -ḵōn, ־כֹם -ḵōm | דָתְכוֹן "your law" (Dan 2:9); אֱלָהֲכוֹן "your God" (Dan 2:47) | ־ֵיכוֹן -ēḵōn | בָּתֵּיכוֹן "your houses" (Dan 2:5) |
| 3 m. pl. | ־הוֹן -hōn, ־הֹם -hōm | כְּנָוָתְהוֹן "their colleagues" (Ezra 4:17); בְּיֶדְהֹם "in their hand" (Ezra 5:8) | ־ֵיהוֹן -ēhōn | בְּיוֹמֵיהוֹן "in their days" (Dan 2:44) |
| 3 f. pl. | ־הֵין -hēn (Qere; Ketiv ־הון) | (2× in MACULA, Dan 7) | ־יהֵין (Qere) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §53.2, p. 89; Strack 1901 §6g–h, pp. 18–19. Corrected: on masculine plurals the Qere of the 3 f. sg. and 1 pl. drops the yod (־ַהּ, ־ַנָא) like the singular set; ־ַיהּ, ־ַיְנָא are the Ketiv spellings, read as old -ayh, -aynā (both grammars). The 3 f. pl. is ־הֵין in the Qere of Daniel (Kautzsch; Strack gives ־הֵן as the base form and ־הֵין as Daniel Qere only).
Note on 3 f. sg.: the suffix ־ַהּ is clear on prepositions and verbs (בַּהּ, בֱנַיְתַהּ "I built it", Dan 4:27). On nouns the written forms are ambiguous (Kautzsch 1884 §53 Anm. a, p. 89, notes that printed editions often point this suffix wrongly with qamets): וּמַלְכוּתָה in Dan 2:44 ("and its kingship", referring to the feminine מַלְכוּ) is spelled with ־ָה and no mappiq. Treat ־ָה/־ַהּ endings with care: the determined ־ָה and the suffix ־ַהּ differ only by the mappiq in the pointed text, and not at all in unpointed texts — a tokenisation trap for Mova (Aramaic in Mova: what it would need §3).
The 2 m. pl. and 3 m. pl. have an older form in ־ם (־כֹם, ־הֹם; Ezra) and a younger form in ־ן (־כוֹן, ־הוֹן; mostly Daniel). In MACULA's Aramaic, the 3 m. pl. suffix is ־הוֹן 50× against ־הֹם 11× (and ־הוֹם 1×), the 2 m. pl. ־כוֹן 10× against ־כֹם 5× (counted 2026-10-17, accented variants grouped). The ־ן forms are the only ones in all later Jewish Aramaic.
3. Suffixes on prepositions
Prepositions take the noun suffixes. Some take the singular set (לְ־, בְּ־, מִן, עִם), some the plural set (עַל, קֳדָם, תְּחוֹת, בֵּין), as in Hebrew.
| לְ־ "to" | בְּ־ "in" | מִן "from" | עַל "on, to" | קֳדָם "before" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | לִי (Dan 2:9) | בִּי (Dan 2:30) | מִנִּי (Ezra 7:13) | עֲלַי (Dan 4:31) | קָדָמַי (Dan 2:9) |
| 2 m. sg. | לָךְ (Dan 2:23) | בָּךְ (Dan 4:6) | מִנָּךְ (Dan 2:23) | עֲלָךְ (Dan 3:12 Qere) | קֳדָמָךְ (Dan 5:23 Qere) |
| 3 m. sg. | לֵהּ (Dan 2:20) | בֵּהּ (Dan 3:7) | מִנֵּהּ (Dan 4:9) | עֲלוֹהִי (Ezra 4:11) | קֳדָמוֹהִי (Dan 7:13) |
| 3 f. sg. | לַהּ (Dan 7:4) | בַּהּ (Dan 3:6) | מִנַּהּ (Dan 2:42) | עֲלַהּ (Dan 4:14 Qere) | קֳדָמַהּ (Dan 7:7 Qere) |
| 1 pl. | לַנָא (Ezra 4:14) | *בַּנָא | *מִנַּנָא | עֲלֶינָא (Ezra 4:12) | |
| 2 m. pl. | לְכוֹן (Dan 3:4), לְכֹם (Ezra 7:24) | *בְּכוֹן | *מִנְּכוֹן | *עֲלֵיכוֹן | |
| 3 m. pl. | לְהוֹן (Dan 3:14), לְהֹם (Ezra 5:3), לְהוֹם (Jer 10:11) | בְּהוֹן (Dan 3:25) | מִנְּהוֹן (Dan 6:3) | עֲלֵיהוֹן (Ezra 5:1), עֲלֵיהֹם (Ezra 7:24) | קֳדָמֵיהוֹן (Dan 4:4) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §68, pp. 126–129 (every preposition with the suffixed forms it has in the Bible). Forms marked * are not listed there and are regular reconstructions; the 3 f. pl. מִנְּהֵין (Dan 2:33 Qere, Ketiv מנהון) is also attested. Kautzsch writes קֳדָמַי with ḥaṭef qamets throughout; the WLC points both קֳדָמ־ and קָדָמ־ (counted 2026-10-18: 4 and 9 tokens). The qodam 3 m. pl. קֳדָמֵיהוֹן (Dan 4:4) was looked up in the WLC, not in a grammar (Kautzsch's line for it is not legible in the scan). Second pass 2026-10-18: Bauer and Leander 1927 §69 confirm all five starred forms as unattested: their lists of suffixed forms have for בְּ־ only בִּי, בָּךְ, בֵּהּ, בַּהּ, בְּהוֹן (§69h, p. 257), for עַל only the singular persons, עֲלֶינָא and עֲלֵיהֹם, עֲלֵיהוֹן (§69b′, p. 260; no 2 m. pl.), and for מִן no 1 pl. or 2 m. pl. (§69v, p. 259); the WLC has none of them either (MACULA, 2026-10-18). They list קֳדָמֵיהוֹן at Dan 4:4 (§69h′, p. 261), which settles the qodam 3 m. pl., and explain the plural-looking suffixed forms of קֳדָם by analogy with עַל.
Aramaic: לָךְ אֱלָהּ אֲבָהָתִי מְהוֹדֵא וּמְשַׁבַּח אֲנָה
Translit.: lāḵ ʾĕlāh ʾăḇāhāṯī məhōḏē ū-məšabbaḥ ʾănā
Gloss: to-2MS god.CST father.PL-1SG thank.HAPH.PTCP.ACT.MS and-praise.PAEL.PTCP.ACT.MS I
English: To you, God of my fathers, I give thanks and praise
Source: Dan 2:23 (WLC, public domain)
4. Object suffixes on verbs
A pronominal object is either a suffix on the verb or the independent pronoun (3rd person plural הִמּוֹ / הִמּוֹן), or ל־ / יָת with a suffix (Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic §2).
On the perfect:
| object | form | example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | ־נִי | הוֹדַעְתַּנִי "you have made known to me" (Dan 2:23) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־ֵהּ, ־הִי | שַׁכְלְלֵהּ "(he) completed it" (Ezra 5:11); הַקְרְבוּהִי "they brought him near" (Dan 7:13) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־ַהּ | בֱנַיְתַהּ "I built it" (Dan 4:27); הַשְׁלְמַהּ "(he) brought it to an end" (Dan 5:26) |
| 1 pl. | ־נָא (pausal ־נֶא) | הוֹדַעְתֶּנָא "you have made known to us" (Dan 2:23) |
| 3 m. pl. | — (the independent הִמּוֹ is used instead) | יְהַב הִמּוֹ בְּיַד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר "he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar" (Ezra 5:12) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §37.1–2, pp. 60–62; Strack 1901 §6m–o, pp. 19–20. Both give ־נִי / ־ַנִי (after a vowel / a consonant), ־ָךְ, ־הִי / ־ֵהּ, ־ַהּ, ־נָא; the segol of ־נֶא is pausal and occurs once (Dan 2:23; Kautzsch p. 60). The only object with יָת is יָתְהוֹן (Dan 3:12; Kautzsch §19, p. 42; Strack §6o).
On the imperfect, the suffix is usually joined by an energic n (-inn-, -ann-):
| object | form | example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | ־נַּנִי | תְהוֹדְעֻנַּנִי "you (pl.) will make known to me" (Dan 2:5, 9) |
| 2 m. sg. | ־נָּךְ | יְשֵׁיזְבִנָּךְ "he will deliver you" (Dan 6:17) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־נֵּהּ | יְבַהֲלוּנֵּהּ "(his thoughts) alarmed him" (Dan 5:6) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־נַּהּ | יְחַוִּנַּהּ "(who) can tell it" (Dan 2:11) |
| 2 m. pl. | ־נְכוֹן | יְשֵׁיזְבִנְכוֹן "(who) will deliver you" (Dan 3:15) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §37.1, 3c, pp. 60–62 (the same five forms; once without n: יְבַהֲלוּךְ Dan 5:10); Strack 1901 §6m, p. 19.
Aramaic: וּמַן־הוּא אֱלָהּ דֵּי יְשֵׁיזְבִנְכוֹן מִן־יְדָי
Translit.: ū-man-hū ʾĕlāh dē yəšēzəḇinḵōn min-yəḏāy
Gloss: and-who-COP.3MS god REL deliver.SHAPH.IPF.3MS-ENERG-2MPL from-hand.DU-1SG
English: and who is the god who will deliver you out of my hands?
Source: Dan 3:15 (WLC, public domain)
5. The existential אִיתַי with suffixes
אִיתַי "there is" (Hebrew יֵשׁ) takes pronoun suffixes to mean "I am / you are (in fact)", used with a participle for the present and in questions:
| form | meaning | example |
|---|---|---|
| אִיתַי | there is | הֵן אִיתַי אֱלָהַנָא "if our God exists / if it is so that our God …" (Dan 3:17) |
| אִיתָךְ | you are | הַאִיתָךְ כָּהֵל "are you able?" (Dan 2:26) |
| אִיתֵיכוֹן | you (pl.) are | לֵאלָהַי לָא אִיתֵיכוֹן פָּלְחִין "you do not serve my gods" (Dan 3:14) |
| אִיתַנָא | we are | לָא אִיתַנָא פָלְחִין "we do not serve" (Dan 3:18, Qere) |
| אִיתוֹהִי | he is | (Dan 2:11) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §67, pp. 125–126 (all five forms; Ketiv האיתיך for הַאִיתָךְ and איתינא for אִיתַנָא; Dan 2:11 uses the 3 m. sg. suffix pleonastically after a plural subject).
This becomes JPA/Onkelos אִית / לֵית and JBA אִיכָּא / לֵיכָּא, with suffixes אִיתֵיהּ, לֵיתֵיהּ (Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic §6).
6. Demonstratives
| near ("this, these") | far ("that, those") | |
|---|---|---|
| m. sg. | דְּנָה dənā (Dan 2:28; 4:15; 5:25 — 41× in MACULA) | דֵּךְ dēḵ (Ezra 6:12); דִּכֵּן dikkēn (Dan 2:31) |
| f. sg. | דָּא dā (Dan 4:27; 7:8) | דָּךְ dāḵ (Ezra 4:13; 5:8) |
| pl. | אִלֵּין ʾillēn (Dan 2:44), אִלֵּן (Dan 6:7), אֵל ʾēl (Ezra 5:15 Qere, Ketiv אלה), אֵלֶּה (Jer 10:11, Hebrew form) | אִלֵּךְ ʾillēḵ (Dan 3:12 ff.; Ezra 4:21), אִנּוּן (Dan 2:44; Ezra 5:4) |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §20, p. 43; Strack 1901 §6d, pp. 17–18. Both say דֵּךְ and דָּךְ occur only in Ezra, דִּכֵּן only in Daniel; Strack adds that דִּכֵּן is common gender (masculine Dan 2:31, feminine 7:20–21), so it belongs in both far columns. אִלֵּךְ is attested only as masculine (Kautzsch). The WLC count of the plural: אִלֵּין 4, אִלֵּן 1, אִלֵּךְ 14 (counted 2026-10-18).
The demonstrative usually follows the noun, which is then in the determined state: רָזָה דְנָה "this mystery" (Dan 2:47), קִרְיְתָא דָךְ "that city" (Ezra 4:13), גֻּבְרַיָּא אִלֵּךְ "those men" (Dan 3:12), בֵּית אֱלָהָא דֵךְ "that house of God" (Ezra 6:12). It can also precede in some formulas: דְּנָה פַּרְשֶׁגֶן אִגַּרְתָּא "this is the copy of the letter" (Ezra 4:11), where דְּנָה is the subject of a nominal clause.
Adverbs built on demonstratives: כִּדְנָה "thus" (Jer 10:11), כְּנֵמָא "thus" (Ezra 4:8; 5:11), עַל־דְּנָה "concerning this" (Dan 3:16), אַחֲרֵי דְנָה "after this" (Dan 2:45), מִן־קַדְמַת דְּנָה "before this, formerly" (Dan 6:11; Ezra 5:11), כָּל־קֳבֵל דְּנָה "because of this" (Dan 2:12).
Aramaic: כִּדְנָה תֵּאמְרוּן לְהוֹם
Translit.: kiḏnā tēʾmərūn ləhōm
Gloss: thus say.PEAL.IPF.2MPL to-3MPL
English: Thus shall you say to them
Source: Jer 10:11 (WLC, public domain)
7. Interrogatives
| word | meaning | example |
|---|---|---|
| מַן | who? | וּמַן־הוּא אֱלָהּ "and who is the god …?" (Dan 3:15); Kautzsch 1884 §22, p. 44, reads מָן with qamets everywhere, following Baer's Masora; Strack 1901 §6e, p. 18, also prefers מָן; the WLC points מַן (10×) |
| מָה | what? | יָדַע מָה בַחֲשׁוֹכָא "he knows what is in the darkness" (Dan 2:22, indirect; Kautzsch 1884 §22.2 counts it as the indefinite "what(ever)"; the direct question מָה occurs only Dan 4:32) |
| לְמָה | why? lest | (Ezra 4:22; 7:23, "lest") |
| מַה־… כְּמָה | how! | אָתוֹהִי כְּמָה רַבְרְבִין "how great are his signs!" (Dan 3:33) |
| הֲ־ | yes/no question | הַצְדָּא "is it true?" (Dan 3:14); הֲלָא "is it not?" (Dan 3:24; 4:27) |
| אֵיכְדֵין | how? | (Hebrew-type, not in BA; JBA הֵיכִי, JPA הֵיךְ) |
Aramaic: הַצְדָּא שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ לֵאלָהַי לָא אִיתֵיכוֹן פָּלְחִין
Translit.: haṣdā šaḏraḵ mēšaḵ wa-ʿăḇēḏ nəḡō lē-ʾlāhay lā ʾīṯēḵōn pālḥīn
Gloss: Q-true Shadrach Meshach and-Abednego to-god.PL-1SG NEG EXIST-2MPL serve.PEAL.PTCP.ACT.MPL
English: Is it true, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, that you do not serve my gods?
Source: Dan 3:14 (WLC, public domain)
8. Indefinite, relative and generalising pronouns
| form | meaning | example |
|---|---|---|
| דִּי | who, which, that (relative) | צֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא דִּי הֲקֵים "the golden image that he set up" (Dan 3:5) |
| מַן־דִּי | whoever | וּמַן־דִּי־לָא יִפֵּל וְיִסְגֻּד "and whoever does not fall down and worship" (Dan 3:6) |
| מָה דִּי | whatever, what | מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא "what will be" (Dan 2:45) |
| כָּל־דִּי | all that, everything that | כָּל־דִּי מִן־טַעַם אֱלָהּ "whatever is by the decree of the God …" (Ezra 7:23) |
| כָּל־ / כֹּל | every, all | כָּל־מֶלֶךְ וְעַם "every king and people" (Ezra 6:12) |
| כָּל־אֱנָשׁ דִּי | every man who | (Dan 3:10; Ezra 6:11) |
| חַד … חַד | one … another | |
| דָּא … דָּא | one … another | שָׁנְיָן דָּא מִן־דָּא "different one from another" (Dan 7:3) |
Reflexive. Biblical Aramaic has no reflexive pronoun; it uses the t-stems (hithpeel) or a body noun. Later Aramaic uses נַפְשֵׁהּ "his soul" = "himself" (Onkelos, JBA נַפְשֵׁיהּ, JPA גַּרְמֵיהּ "his bone" = "himself"; see Pronouns in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, Nouns and pronouns in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic).
Possessive pronoun. The independent possessive ("mine, yours") is דִּי + ל־ + suffix: דִּי לֵהּ־הִיא "which is his" (Dan 2:20). In later Aramaic this fuses into דִּילִי, דִּילָךְ, דִּילֵהּ "mine, yours, his" (Onkelos, JPA, JBA).
9. The pronoun system across the varieties
arc | arc-x-targum | jpa | tmr | arc-x-zohar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | אֲנָה | אֲנָא | אנא | אֲנָא, ־נָא (encl.) | אנא |
| you m. sg. | אַנְתְּ | אַתְּ | את | אַתְּ, ־תְּ (encl.) | את, אנת |
| he | הוּא | הוּא | הוא | אִיהוּ (הוּא archaic in Margolis), ניהו | איהו, הוא |
| she | הִיא | הִיא | היא | הִיא, אִיהִי, ניהי | איהי, היא |
| we | אֲנַחְנָא | אֲנַחְנָא | אנן | אֲנַן, ־נַן (encl.) | אנן, אנחנא |
| you m. pl. | אַנְתּוּן | אַתּוּן | אתון | אַתּוּ(ן), ־תּוּ (encl.) | אתון |
| they m. | הִמּוֹ, אִנּוּן | אִנּוּן | אינון, הינון | אִינְהוּ, נִינְהוּ | אינון |
| "his" (sg. noun) | ־ֵהּ | ־ֵהּ | ־יה | ־ֵיהּ | ־יה |
| "their" (m.) | ־הוֹן, ־הֹם | ־הוֹן | ־הון | ־הוּ, ־יְהוּ | ־הון |
| "this" m. | דְּנָה | דֵּין, הָדֵין | הדין, דין | הַאי | דא, דין, האי |
| "that" m. | דֵּךְ, דִּכֵּן | הַהוּא, דִּיכִי | ההוא | הַהוּא, הָאיךְ | ההוא |
| relative | דִּי | דִּי, ד־ | ד־ | ד־ | ד־ |
Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 and Strack 1901 (BA), Dalman 1905 §§ 16–18 (Onkelos and Galilean), Stevenson 1924 §§ 3–5 (PTM), Margolis 1910 §§ 8–9 (JBA). Corrected: BA "I" is אֲנָה only; Onkelos has אַתְּ, not אַנְתְּ; Galilean "we" is אנן.
Sources: as cited above, plus Dalman 1905 (JPA), Margolis 1910 (JBA), Wikipedia "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic" (pronoun tables; retrieved 2026-10-17, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish Babylonian Aramaic). Details are in each folder.
The Elamur team
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/pronouns/