🗣️ 12. Pronouns, determiners and numerals

Ukrainian pronouns are of two kinds by form: noun-like pronouns, which have case and sometimes person but no gender agreement (я, хто, ніщо), and adjective-like pronouns, which agree with a noun in gender, number and case (мій, цей, жоден). UD calls the first PRON and the second DET; this chapter keeps the traditional single class and gives the UD tag where it matters (10. Word classes §§2, 7). Ukrainian has no articles; definiteness is expressed by demonstratives, word order and context (chapter 29). The second half of the chapter covers the numerals: their declension, which is the most irregular part of Ukrainian inflection, and their government, which decides the case and number of the counted noun.

Contents: personal pronouns and the н- forms (§§1–2), the reflexive and свій (§3), possessives (§4), demonstratives (§5), interrogatives and relatives (§6), definite and generalising pronouns (§7), negative pronouns and жоден/жаден (§8), indefinite pronouns (§9), cardinal numerals (§10), numeral government (§11), collective numerals (§12), fractions (§13), ordinals, dates and time (§14), indefinite quantifiers (§15), and how Mova handles them (§16).

The paradigms follow the 2019 Український правопис (Pravopys 2019 §§105–114), which lists variants in brackets. Counts were made on 2026-11-06 over UD Ukrainian 2.18 (IU, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, counts only; ParlaMint, CC BY-SA 4.0, Rada speeches of 2003–2014) and the Leipzig ukr_news_2024 sample of one million news sentences (CC BY); VESUM (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) for counts only. Stress is marked where it differs between forms.

1. Personal pronouns

(Pravopys 2019 §108.) Three features of the paradigm:

1. The genitive and accusative coincide in all persons, as in the animate noun.
2. The stress moves to the first syllable after a preposition: мене́ but до ме́не, тебе́ but для те́бе, себе́ but на се́бе; likewise з ньо́го, у не́ї, від то́го, в чо́му, з усьо́го (§113, note 2). A noun-modifying genitive keeps its own stress: до його́ ха́ти 'to his house', where його belongs to хата, not to the preposition.
3. The third person has two stems: й-/ї- (його, йому, її, їй, їх, їм) without a preposition and н- (нього, неї, них, ним) after one (§2).

The subject pronoun is often left out where the verb ending shows the person: Прийшов, побачив, переміг 'He came, saw, conquered'; Знаю 'I know'. The past tense has no person ending, only gender and number, so its subject pronoun is dropped less freely than with the present (Fellerer 2022 shows that the south-western dialects, which keep person-number auxiliary clitics in the past tense, also drop the subject pronoun more often than the standard, the mirror image of what happened in the neighbouring Borderland Polish). Subject omission is a matter of syntax and discourse (chapter 21, chapter 35).

Third-person pronouns follow grammatical gender, not sex or animacy: Де книжка? — Вона на столі 'Where is the book? — It (she) is on the table'; Де стілець? — Він тут. A plural-only noun is referred to by вони: Де двері? — Вони відчинені.

Politeness. Ви is the polite form of address to one person, with plural verb agreement (Ви прийшли), and is capitalised in letters and personal address (Дякую Вам). A predicate adjective or noun may be singular or plural: Ви добрий and Ви добрі. The third-person plural of respect, a plural verb for one respected person (Мама пішли до церкви, Дідусь сказали 'Grandfather said-PL'), is reported by Smal-Stockyj (1913 §46) as the regular usage of the time and is still heard in village speech and in families; the standard does not use it. UD Ukrainian tags ви Number=Ptan (120 tokens), not Plur, recording that it may refer to one person.

2. The н- forms after prepositions

After a preposition, його, йому, її, їй, їх, їм are replaced by forms with н-: у нього 'he has', до неї 'to her', з ними 'with them', біля них 'near them', про нього 'about him', на ній 'on her'. The instrumental has н- with or without a preposition: ним, нею, ними (Я пишаюся нею 'I am proud of her'); the locative occurs only with a preposition and so always has it (на ньому, у ній, при них) (Pravopys 2019 §108).

The rule holds almost without exception in the treebanks. Oblique-case forms of він, вона, воно, вони (both treebanks, 2026-11-06):

The 36 н- forms without a preposition are instrumentals (ним, нею, ними), as the rule says. The 8 forms without н- after a preposition are of two kinds. Two are datives after the adverb-like prepositions завдяки 'thanks to' and назло 'in spite of' (завдяки їй, назло їм), which take no н- in the standard either (likewise всупереч їм, назустріч йому). The other six are older or dialectal forms in literary texts (в йому, од його, у його, без їх), the usage of the 19th and early 20th century, when the н- rule was not yet general. A pronoun that is a possessive modifier of a following noun never takes н- (до його хати, для їх дітей); UD tags that use DET and it is not in the count.

The locative masculine and neuter has two forms: на ньому and the shorter на нім. The long form dominates: the 2024 news has на ньому 378, у ньому 442, в ньому 437 against на нім 0, у нім 1, в нім 2. The short forms are literary-archaic and poetic; they are common in songs and verse for the metre.

3. The reflexive себе and the possessive свій

Себе has no nominative and no person or number: it refers back to the subject of its clause, whatever the person: я бачу себе, ти бачиш себе, вони бачать себе.

Собі is also a particle of ease or indifference: Сидить собі й співає 'He just sits there singing'; Так собі 'So-so'. Smal-Stockyj (1913 §30) notes that the old short reflexive ся "belongs to all three persons" (називаю ся, називаєш ся); the modern standard writes it as part of the verb (називаюся, називаєшся), and its free word order survives in the south-western dialects (як ся маєш? 'how are you?', also in songs and colloquial speech everywhere) (13. Verbs, 8. Regional varieties, diaspora and surzhyk).

Свій is the reflexive possessive: it refers to the subject of its clause, of any person, and declines like мій. It is obligatory where the possessor is the subject and the third-person possessive would be ambiguous:

• Петро взяв свою книжку. 'Peter took his (own) book.'
• Петро взяв його книжку. 'Peter took his (someone else's) book.'
• Я люблю своє місто and Я люблю моє місто 'I love my city': in the first and second persons both are used; свій is more neutral, мій adds emphasis or contrast.

Свій also means 'one's own, belonging to us' as an adjective: він свій 'he is one of ours', свої люди, у своєму домі. It is frequent: 360 tokens in IU and 233 in ParlaMint, the most common possessive in IU.

4. Possessive pronouns

Мій, твій, свій have their own declension; наш, ваш decline as hard adjectives, їхній as a soft adjective (Pravopys 2019 §110):

The third-person forms його and її are frozen genitives and do not agree with the possessed noun: його хата, його дім, його діти. In the plural the standard has both the agreeing adjective їхній and the frozen genitive їх: їхня хата and їх хата. The agreeing form is the commoner in the 2024 news (їхній 1 595, їхнього 1 078 tokens), and it is the one the orthography declines.

5. Demonstratives

(Pravopys 2019 §111.) Сей, ся, се is the old proximal demonstrative; the orthography calls it "a rarely used variant", and it survives in fixed phrases (сьогодні 'today' is сього дня, сеї ночі in folk songs, до сих пір 'until now', сяк-так 'somehow'). The prefixed оцей, отой point more strongly. Other demonstratives: такий 'such', стільки 'so many', отакий, and the adverbs тут, там, так, тоді.

Це has three uses: the neuter demonstrative (це село 'this village'), a pronoun 'this, it' (Це правда 'It is true'), and a particle of focus (Це Том телефонував 'It was Tom who phoned'). UD counts PRON 844, DET 102, PART 38. The kg parser treats the particle use separately ("це as a particle" is one of the error causes its README says it handles).

Demonstratives are frequent in both treebanks (DET Dem 1 220 in IU and 1 520 in ParlaMint; PRON Dem 826 and 1 364). Той also serves as a correlative before a relative clause: той, хто прийшов 'the one who came'; те, що сталося 'what happened'.

6. Interrogative and relative pronouns

Хто is grammatically masculine singular and що neuter singular, whoever or whatever is meant: Хто прийшов? (masculine past), Що сталося? (neuter). The adjective-like interrogatives are який 'which, what kind' and котрий 'which (of several)', declined as hard adjectives, чий 'whose' (чийого, чиєї, чиїх), and the quantity word скільки 'how many', declined like два (скількох, скільком, скількома) (Pravopys 2019 §§112, 114, note).

The same words are relatives: людина, яка прийшла 'the person who came'; те, що я бачив 'what I saw'; хлопець, чий брат… 'the boy whose brother…'; будинок, котрий…. Що as a relative is invariable and resumes the case with a pronoun when needed (хлопець, що йому я дав книжку 'the boy to whom I gave the book'), a colloquial and folk pattern (chapter 25). In UD the relative який is the most frequent DET lemma of both treebanks (650 in IU, 1 001 in ParlaMint), and що is overwhelmingly the subordinating conjunction 'that' (SCONJ 2 206 against PRON 236).

7. Definite and generalising pronouns

The two masculine forms кожен and кожний (and жоден/жодний, §8) are both standard; usage strongly prefers the short one. UD (both treebanks): кожен 47 against кожний 11 as masculine nominative. 2024 news: кожен 3 169, кожний 129.

8. Negative pronouns

The negative pronouns are formed with the prefix ні-: ніхто 'nobody', ніщо 'nothing', ніякий 'no (kind of)', нічий 'nobody's', and adverbs ніде 'nowhere', ніколи 'never', нікуди, ніяк. They are used with the negative particle не on the verb: Ukrainian has negative concord, so Ніхто не прийшов 'Nobody came', Я нічого не бачив 'I saw nothing', Ніколи ніде нікому не кажи 'Never tell anyone anywhere' (chapter 27). Ніщо is mostly replaced by its genitive нічого in the object of a negated verb (нічого не знаю); the 2024 news has нічого 3 201 and ніщо 174.

A preposition goes between ні and the pronoun in the oblique cases: ні з ким 'with nobody', ні до кого, ні на що, ні про що (Pravopys 2019 §114: ні з ки́м, ні на ко́му). The same holds for аби- and де- (аби з ким, де з ким). The orthography writes these three words apart; the 2024 news has ні з ким 54 and з ніким 1, ні з чим 15 and з нічим 1. The fused order з ніким is outside the standard and rare in edited text.

8.1 Жоден and жаден

The adjectival negative 'not a single, no' is жоден (жодний), жодна, жодне, жодні: жодного разу 'not once', без жодних проблем 'without any problems'. In UD it is the commonest negative determiner (41 tokens of the lemma in IU, 54 in ParlaMint); its masculine nominative appears as жоден 7 times and жодний never, and in the 2024 news жоден has 380 tokens and жодний 19. VESUM lemmatises it as жодний and lists the older жадний (жаден) as pron:neg:arch.

Kotsa (2026) traces the two forms. In our summary: жаден/жадний is a West Slavic formation (Polish żaden) that entered Ukrainian in the 14th–18th centuries; жоден, with the root vowel о, arose from it by contamination with кожний/кождий and with the numeral один, which made its inner form more transparent ('not one'); in the old texts both meant not only 'none' but also 'each, any', and the meaning 'each' survives in south-eastern dialects. Жаден, жадний remains common in Boyko, Lemko, Hutsul and Bukovinian dialects and in western Ukrainian writing before the war, and it was pushed out of the literary standard in the middle of the 20th century, Kotsa argues, by deliberate language planning rather than by internal development. In current news жаден does not occur at all; it lives in the western dialects and in literature that imitates them.

9. Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are built from the interrogatives with a set of particles, each with its own shade of meaning:

(Pravopys 2019 §114 and the hyphen rules of its spelling part.) The pronoun part declines, the particle does not: когось, комусь, кимсь (and кимось), у комусь; будь-кого, кого-небудь; чогось, на чомусь. Prepositions go inside аби- and де- compounds as with ні-: аби з ким, де з ким, де на яких (beside на деяких).

Frequencies in the 2024 news: якийсь 944, будь-який 913, деякий 476, дехто 458, котрийсь 4, казна-що 2, хтозна-що and бозна-що 0. The казна- series is colloquial and expressive; it belongs to dialogue and fiction, not news. VESUM lists 233 indefinite pronoun lemma lines, more than all other pronoun types together, because every combination is entered. In UD, IU has 840 indefinite DET and 150 PRON tokens, the parliament 406 and 44: indefinites belong to narrative and description more than to debate.

10. Cardinal numerals

10.1 Один

Один 'one' declines like an adjective-pronoun and agrees in gender, number and case; it has a plural одні 'some, the same, only' that also counts plural-only nouns (одні двері 'one door', одні сани):

(Pravopys 2019 §105.1.) In the reciprocal один одного 'each other' the oblique form is stressed on the first syllable: один о́дного, один о́дному, один з о́дним.

10.2 Два, три, чотири and обидва

Два distinguishes gender in the nominative and inanimate accusative only (два брати, дві сестри, два вікна). The accusative is the nominative for inanimates (купив два зошити) and the genitive for animates (бачив двох братів).

10.3 From five upward

(Pravopys 2019 §105.2–7.) Шість (шести, шістьох, шістьма), дев'ять, десять, the teens (одинадцять to дев'ятнадцять), двадцять and тридцять decline like п'ять; шістдесят, сімдесят, вісімдесят like п'ятдесят; триста, чотириста like двісті (трьохсот, трьомстам, трьомастами); шістсот to дев'ятсот like п'ятсот. Сорок, дев'яносто and сто have one oblique form in -а. In compound numerals every part declines: з чотирьохсот сімдесяти восьми тисяч шестисот п'ятдесяти дев'яти гривень (§105.6); in speech, and increasingly in writing, only the last parts are declined, and long numbers are written in digits, which side-steps the question.

Тисяча, мільйон, мільярд decline as nouns (тисячі, тисячею; мільйона, мільйонів) and govern the genitive plural in all their cases (з тисячею гривень).

Two forms in the oblique cases. From five upward the genitive, dative and locative have two forms, п'яти/п'ятьох, and the instrumental two, п'ятьма/п'ятьома. The orthography lists the old forms in -и first and the newer ones in -ох, -ом second; Kolibaba (2023, §4.5) records the long-standing debate about this order (Shevelov thought the -ох forms, which unify the numeral declension with двох, трьох, deserved first place), and the 2019 text kept it. Usage in the 2024 news follows the listed order, more clearly for the higher numbers:

The -ох forms are used mainly with persons (п'ятьох дітей, сімох учасників), the -и forms with things and units (п'яти років, десяти відсотків), a split that the orthography does not state but the counts suggest; a systematic check would need the noun of each phrase.

11. Numeral government

When a numeral phrase is in the nominative or the inanimate accusative, the numeral governs the noun; in all other cases the numeral agrees with the noun.

11.1 The rules

A compound numeral governs by its last word: двадцять один рік (singular), двадцять два роки (nominative plural), двадцять п'ять років (genitive plural), сто один день, тисяча двісті три кілометри.

The paucal with 2–4. The nominative plural after два, три, чотири is the standard form for all genders; masculine nouns take -и/-і: два хлопці, три робітники, чотири слухачі, два мільйони. Pravopys 2019 (§88, note 1) states this rule explicitly, restoring a note of the 1928 orthography, and Kolibaba (2023, §2.6) calls the genitive singular of the Russian model (*два мільйона, *три учня, *чотири літака) inadmissible. In careful pronunciation the noun keeps the plural ending with the stress of the genitive singular (дві сестри́, дві руки́), a relic of the old dual (11. Nouns §3). An adjective between the numeral and the noun stands in the nominative or the genitive plural: два нові будинки and два нових будинки, три великі міста and три великих міста. Smal-Stockyj (1913 §47) already gives the genitive adjective in folk speech (два місяці ясних, дві зіроньки красних).

11.2 What the treebanks show

Numerals (nummod, UPOS NUM, written in words) and the case and number of their head noun, UD Ukrainian 2.18, both treebanks, all files:

The paucal rule and the genitive rule hold in nearly every case. The genitive singulars after п'ять-type numerals are phrases with пів (пів року, пів години, пів України: пів 'half' is tagged NUM and takes the genitive singular like півтора). Of the 101 masculine nouns after два, три, чотири, обидва in the nominative or accusative, 96 are plural; of the 5 singular, 2 are the genitive singular -а of the Russian model (три президента in the parliament of 2003–2014, and one phrase with обидва in IU) and 3 are annotation oddities (an instrumental пунктом under a nominative numeral). Numerals written in digits, 832 more tokens, follow the same pattern (genitive plural after numbers ending in 5–9 and 0), with more mixed cases where the reading of the digits is unknown. Adjectives between a nominative or accusative два, три, чотири and their noun are in the nominative or accusative 29 times and in the genitive 11 times: both options of the norm are in use.

Usage beside the norm. Two points where common usage differs from the codified form:

• півтора with the nominative plural instead of the genitive singular: the 2024 news has півтора року 172 and півтора роки 33. The plural is colloquial and is not in the orthography.
• раз after 5+: п'ять раз (zero genitive plural) beside the standard п'ять разів, common in speech.

11.3 Agreement of the verb

A numeral subject takes a plural or a neuter singular verb: Прийшли два студенти and Прийшло два студенти; П'ять років минуло and минули. The singular presents the group as a quantity, the plural as individuals. Janda & Palii (2024) measured the same choice for багато + genitive plural (§15) in a corpus: singular in 69.1% of attestations and plural in 30.9%, with the plural favoured by animate subjects and by subject-before-verb order, and growing since about the 1950s until it overtook the singular in the current decade. Their finding is a measured change in progress, of the kind this manual marks as usage moving ahead of the handbooks, which traditionally recommended the singular with quantity words (they cite Antonenko-Davydovych 1979).

12. Collective numerals

The collective numerals двоє, троє, четверо, п'ятеро, шестеро, семеро, восьмеро, дев'ятеро, десятеро, одинадцятеро and up to двадцятеро, тридцятеро, and обоє 'both', count a set as a whole. They take the genitive plural in the nominative and accusative and borrow the oblique forms of the cardinals: двоє — двох, двом, двома; п'ятеро — п'ятьох, п'ятьом, п'ятьома; обоє — обох, обом, обома (Pravopys 2019 §105.8–10).

They are used:

• with nouns naming male persons or mixed groups: двоє братів, троє студентів (beside два брати, три студенти), and with люди, особи: п'ятеро людей;
• with the young of people and animals (fourth declension): двоє дітей, троє курчат, п'ятеро кошенят;
• with plural-only nouns, where два cannot be used: двоє дверей, троє саней, четверо ножиць, двоє окулярів;
• with personal pronouns: нас троє 'there are three of us', їх було семеро;
• without a noun, for people: Прийшло троє 'Three people came'; in folk tales and songs Ой було у матері троє синів.

They are frequent: the 2024 news has двоє 1 617 times, двоє дітей 200 times (and двох дітей 150 times, mostly the genitive of either двоє or два), п'ятеро дітей 23, семеро 189. Обидва/обидві (with the nominative plural, like два) and обоє (with the genitive plural, for a mixed pair or neuters) divide 'both': обидва брати, обидві сестри, обоє батьків 'both parents', обоє дітей; news: обидва 852, обоє 108.

13. Fractions and decimals

A fraction is read as a cardinal (the numerator, feminine because частина 'part' is understood) and an ordinal (the denominator): 1/2 одна друга, 1/3 одна третя, 2/3 дві третіх, 3/4 три четвертих, 5/2 п'ять других, 9/10 дев'ять десятих (Pravopys 2019 §107). Both parts decline: двом третім, трьома п'ятими. The counted noun is in the genitive singular: дві третіх відсотка, три четвертих населення. Decimals are read as fractions with ціла 'whole': 2,5 дві цілих п'ять десятих; in speech also два і п'ять, дві з половиною.

Половина 'half', третина 'third', чверть 'quarter' are nouns: половина року, з половиною 'and a half', чверть години. Півтора (masculine, neuter) and півтори (feminine) 'one and a half' and півтораста '150' are invariable and take the genitive singular: півтора року, півтори тисячі, півтора кілограма (§107.2). Пів 'half' is an invariable numeral with the genitive singular. Since 2019 it is written apart when it means 'half of': пів години, пів року, пів яблука, пів міста, пів України, пів Європи; and solid when пів and a nominative noun form one concept that is not 'half': півкуля 'hemisphere', півострів 'peninsula', південь 'south', півколо 'semicircle', півлітра (colloquial, 'a half-litre bottle') (Pravopys 2019, rules on compound nouns; 6. Spelling rules and the 2019 orthography). The earlier rule wrote півгодини, півроку solid, and much current writing still does.

14. Ordinals, dates and time

Ordinals decline as adjectives: hard (перший, другий, четвертий, п'ятий, сотий, тисячний, мільйонний) except третій, which is soft (третього, третій, третьому). In compound ordinals only the last word is ordinal and declines: двадцять п'ятий, у тисяча дев'ятсот дев'яносто першому році 'in 1991', у дві тисячі двадцять шостому році 'in 2026' (Pravopys 2019 §106). Compound ordinals in -сотий, -тисячний join the genitive of the cardinal: двохсотий, трьохсотий, п'ятисотий, двохтисячний.

UD tags ordinals ADJ with NumType=Ord (1 688 tokens in the two treebanks). The commonest uses:

The dates use the ordinal as an adjective of an understood neuter noun число 'date': першого вересня is literally '(of the) first (date) of September'. Clock time counts towards the coming hour: пів на шосту 'half towards the sixth' = 5:30, as in German halb sechs, a pattern that differs from Russian and English.

15. Indefinite quantifiers

Багато 'many, much', мало 'few, little', небагато, чимало 'quite a lot', кілька 'several', декілька 'a few', скільки 'how many', стільки 'so many' govern the genitive (plural for count nouns, singular for mass nouns): багато людей, багато води, кілька днів, скільки разів. Кілька, декілька, скільки, стільки decline like два (кількох, кільком, кількома); багато has багатьох, багатьом, багатьма and багатьома (Pravopys 2019 §114, note); мало, чимало do not decline.

UD splits these between DET (багато 72, кілька 102 in IU), ADV (багато 58 as 'much', modifying a verb) and NUM (багато 9). The split partly reflects syntax (багато працює 'works a lot' is ADV) and partly annotation inconsistency (10 §12).

Verb agreement with багато + genitive plural is variable, singular or plural (§11.3; Janda & Palii 2024): Багато людей прийшло and Багато людей прийшли.

16. How Mova handles pronouns and numerals

The English parser. xpos_of maps PRON to PRP (or WP for relative and interrogative, PRP$ for possessive) and DET to DT (WDT, PRP$), NUM to CD. Person, case and gender are dropped, so його 'him' and йому 'to him' are the same PRP, його 'his' is PRP$ only if the treebank marks it Poss=Yes, and нього, ним, них, ними are PRP whatever their case. Numerals all become CD: п'ять (which governs a genitive plural), два (nominative plural) and півтора (genitive singular) are one tag, and the parser has to learn their differing government from the case of the following noun, which the PTB tag does not show. On UD IU dev the confusion JJ → CD (25 cases) is ordinals and adjectives read as numerals; on ParlaMint dev the same confusion is 19 cases.

The kg crate. VESUM marks pronouns as nouns or adjectives with the tag pron, and Gram::from_vesum keeps this as the PRON flag (bit 23); the subtype (pers, dem, neg, ind) is not kept. What the parser does with pronouns (kg/src/uk.rs):

• Implicit subjects. When the subject pronoun is dropped (Знаю), the parser builds an implicit subject from the verb's person, number and gender (Gram has a function for "the grammar of the implicit subject from the predicate's grammar") and flags it IMPLICIT. The pro-drop of §1 is thus modelled.
• Prepositions with pronouns. After a pronoun the genitive reading of a preposition is preferred (у мене 'I have', в нього 'he has'), so that у мене є is read as possession and not as a locative (PP_PRON_CASE_ORDER). The н- forms are separate VESUM forms of він, вона, воно, вони and are analysed correctly; their distribution (§2) is not checked.
• Attributes do not attach to personal pronouns (one of the error causes the README says the parser handles): я тепер доросла is a nominal predicate, not an attribute.
• Negative pronouns and не. The NEG flag records не on the predicate; negative concord (ніхто не) is not represented beyond that: ніхто is a subject with the PRON flag.
• Quantity words. Багато, мало, кілька, декілька, чимало, скільки, стільки, трохи, достатньо and others form a closed list QUANT, and the parser makes the following genitive the member and the quantity word the relation quantity:<word> (багато років). The kg README lists "quantity groups" among handled error causes and багато років as a half-correct case in the gold sample.
• Numerals have no rule. Два, п'ять, двоє are VESUM numr and are treated as ordinary members; sentences with digits are rejected. The government of §11 is not modelled, so два брати (nominative plural) is accepted only because VESUM analyses брати as a nominative plural.
• The generator restores forms by VESUM synthesis and chooses among variants (кожен/кожний, п'яти/п'ятьох, на ньому/на нім) by frequency in the parsed sentences, not by rule.

What would be needed. A numeral government rule set (one, paucal, genitive plural, collective, півтора), with the stress and adjective options of §11.1, for both analysis and generation; a check of the н- rule; and person, case and gender kept in the tagger's input. All of these are expressible over UD FEATS or VESUM tags, and the counts in §§2 and 11.2 are a first test set for them.

Sources for this chapter

• Український правопис (2019), Cabinet of Ministers resolution No. 437 of 22.05.2019, §§105–114 (numerals and pronouns), §88 note 1 (two to four). Official document, not protected by copyright. Library books/u/uk/ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019 (uk-gram-pravopys-2019).
• Smal-Stockyj, Stephan. 1913. Ruthenische Grammatik. §§29–37 (pronouns and numerals), §46 (plural of respect), §47 (numeral government). Public domain. Library books/s/st/stockyj-1913-ruthenische-grammatik (uk-gram-smal-stockyj-1913).
• Simovych, Vasyl. 1919. Граматика української мови. Pronoun and numeral chapters (XXXVII ff.). Public domain. Library books/s/si/simovych-1919-hramatyka-ukrainskoi-movy-dlia (uk-gram-simovych-1919).
• Kolibaba, L. M. 2023. Зміни в унормуванні закінчень відмінюваних слів в «Українському правописі» 2019 року. Українська мова 1(85): 68–99 (§2.6 on 2–4, §4.5 on п'яти/п'ятьох). Library card CC BY 4.0; the article prints CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, so paraphrased only (kolibaba-2023-zakinchennia-pravopys).
• Kotsa, R. O. 2026. Українські займенники жаден і жоден у слов'янському контексті: походження, розвиток, норма. Українська мова 1(97): 3–16. doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2026.01.003. Library card CC BY 4.0; the article prints CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, so paraphrased only (kotsa-2026-zhaden-zhoden).
• Janda, Laura A. & Yuliia Palii. 2024. Understanding 'many' through the lens of Ukrainian багато. Russian Linguistics 48(1). CC BY 4.0 (janda-2024-bahato-many).
• Fellerer, Jan. 2022. Subject pro-drop and past-tense auxiliary clitics in South-Western Ukrainian. CC BY 4.0 (fellerer-2022-pro-drop-sw): cited for the existence of the dialect clitics only.
• UD Ukrainian IU 2.18 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, counts only) and ParlaMint 2.18 (CC BY-SA 4.0); VESUM (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, counts only); Leipzig ukr_news_2024 1M (CC BY, Goldhahn, Eckart & Quasthoff 2012). Counts of 2026-11-06.
• Mova: en/src/main.rs (xpos_of, tag_eval), kg/src/gram.rs (PRON, IMPLICIT), kg/src/uk.rs (QUANT, PP_PRON_CASE_ORDER), kg/src/textgen.rs, kg — the Mova knowledge graph, kg/examples/gold-v1.tsv.

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