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Aspect and the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael

What it is about

The Niphal and Hitpael overlap heavily (passive, middle, reflexive) and grammars define neither stem cleanly. Benton defines the passive functionally as demotion of the primary argument, either syntactically or topically, and argues that cross-linguistically a language may have two passives split by situation aspect: a state-oriented (resultative) one and an activity-oriented (middle-like) one. He examines all Niphal, Hitpael, Hitpolel, Hitpalpel and Nitpael forms in the Bible, comparing minimal pairs from the same root and context, with Pual for contrast. Both stems function as passives, which explains the overlap; the Niphal is the state-oriented passive and the Hitpael the activity-oriented one. Diachronically (through Ben Sira) the Niphal keeps its resultative sense while the Hitpael spreads to new roots but stays activity-oriented. Reflexive and passive are not distinguished morphologically without an explicit reflexive pronoun.

Ideas

For Mova

I1 is part of the planned Voice feature in tools/macula (13-mova-tools.md lists Voice as not yet carried); I2 a measure for The verb (the binyanim); I3 a rule for the world reader. NC licence: ideas may be used, the text is never copied or shipped.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@inproceedings{benton2009aspect,
  title = {{Aspect and the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael}},
  author = {Benton, Richard Charles},
  booktitle = {Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)},
  year = {2009},
  url = {http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/36168}
}

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