The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew

What it is about

A book in two volumes. The vowel and accent signs of the Masoretic Text were made in Tiberias in the early Islamic period, but the oral reading they were written for was lost within a few centuries; the European grammars inherited Sephardi pronunciation instead. Khan reconstructs the Tiberian reading itself from Masoretic treatises (above all Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ), Masoretic notes, Karaite transcriptions of the Bible in Arabic script, medieval grammars and lexica, and the commentaries of Saadya and Dunash ibn Tamīm on Sefer Yeṣira. Volume 1 has an introduction on the tradition (qere and ketiv, the accents, its historical depth, its internal diversity, orthoepy), then a chapter per consonant, a long chapter on vowels and syllable structure (vowel length, shewa and ḥaṭef vowels, gaʿya, metrical epenthesis, maqqef), dagesh and rafe, and the traces of imperfect learning of the reading in the Middle Ages. It closes with summary tables of every consonant, vowel and shewa sign with its phonetic realization and phoneme (§I.5.1–5.3), and phonetic transcriptions of Genesis 1:1–13 and Psalm 1 in two sub-traditions, with the rule behind every detail cited. Volume 2 holds the edited sources. The ideas below come from the contents, introduction (§I.0.5, §I.0.13.5) and the summary chapter (§I.5).

Ideas

• I1. A rule-based Tiberian transcriber: pointed text → IPA, with the summary tables of §I.5 as its data. The rules are few and explicit — stressed vowels and vowels in open unstressed syllables are long; vocalic shewa is short [a] by default, takes the quality of the following vowel before a guttural and is [i] before yod; an epenthetic vowel is inserted in a closed syllable with a long vowel (ʾēt read [ˈʔeːeθ]); geminated yod is the stop [ɟ]; word-initial וּ is [wu]; the six letters בגדכפת have stop and fricative variants. Each output segment can cite the rule (and section) that produced it.
• I2. The sample transcriptions of Genesis 1:1–13 and Psalm 1 are a ready gold test for I1, scored segment by segment; the two sub-traditions (dagesh forte–dagesh lene vs extended dagesh forte, §I.3.1.11.3) become two switchable output modes of the same rule set.
• I3. Silent vs vocalic shewa is decided by syllable structure, not by the sign: a deterministic syllabifier over the pointed word (with gaʿya and maqqef as inputs) can mark each shewa, and the decision is useful beyond phonology, e.g. for metrical checks against the accents in 2. Cantillation: the accents (te'amim).
• I4. Sefer Yeṣira lists resh among the letters with two realizations, together with בגדכפת; Khan reports that this has been read as Babylonian rather than Tiberian, while Tiberian has its own two kinds of resh (§I.1.20). The yetzirah crate's seven doubles can carry a note on which pronunciation tradition each pair reflects, citing this.
• I5. Qere and ketiv (§I.0.5) as two layers of one token: the written consonants for segmentation and OCR, the read form for vowels and morphology. A rule in the reader should never mix the two in one analysis.

For Mova

I1–I3 go into Phonology of Biblical Hebrew (with the sign tables) and 1. Script and pointing; I1 is a small deterministic tool next to tools/hbo, and I2 is its test. I4 goes into the yetzirah README and 1. Script and pointing. I5 is a rule for tools/macula (ketiv/qere in the conversion) and tools/hbo.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@book{khan2020tiberian,
  title = {{The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew}},
  author = {Khan, Geoffrey},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0163}
}

References

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