A history of English

What it is about

This is an open textbook on the history of English. It has chapters on present-day change, Late Modern, Early Modern, Middle and Old English, and the prehistory of English. Each historical chapter has the same sections: history and context, sounds, morphology, syntax and lexicon, and each ends with exercises. The book is about 141,500 words over 461 pages with 34 figures. Two sections matter here. On second-person pronouns (§4.3.1), the book says the choice between thou and you in Early Modern English depends on emotional and social factors, and it describes the Quaker practice of using thou for everyone, with a 1683 remark by Thomas Ellwood. On do-support (§4.4.1), it argues that lexical verbs in the Early Modern period and before occupied the I position, like auxiliaries. This explains negation and inversion without do, as in "Looks it not like the king?" and "I know not by what power". The book reports no new measurements.

Ideas

I1. 7. Do, its absence, and negation and 5. Auxiliaries and modals: a closed rule that allows "V not" and inverted lexical verbs only in Early Modern texts, and marks the parse with the rule that licensed it. The NICE tests in the book give the diagnostic constructions. Measure how many do-less negations of Shakespeare lines get a parse, run twice. "She plays not" must stay ungrammatical in modern mode.
I2. 3. Pronouns: an addressee feature (thou, you or thee) in the speaker and hearer state of prag, set from the factors the book names (power, emotion, the Quaker case as its own class). Test it only on the book's own examples before any corpus.
I3. The book's exercises (for example, "What word or phrase is in the specifier of IP?") form a set of tree-reading questions. Use them as a lesson type in world/src/knowledge.rs, with each answer read from the sentence's tree, so the student can say why.
I4. A table of the book's periods and sections (sounds, morphology, syntax, lexicon) as a checklist of which period each en-x-emode chapter covers, so that no period is left without a source.

For Mova

The chapters are 3. Pronouns, 05-auxiliaries.md and 07-do-and-negation.md, and 27. Negation for the modern contrast. The code is en/src/emode.rs for the closed Early Modern forms, and prag for the addressee feature. The measure is the parse rate of do-less negations in the Shakespeare lines, with the modern "She plays not" as the negative control.

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@book{hejna2022history,
  title = {{A history of English}},
  author = {Hejná, Míša and Walkden, George},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/records/6560337}
}

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