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Negation in English and Other Languages

What it is about

A short book of about 150 pages on negation, written from examples that Jespersen collected by hand on slips over his career. It has thirteen chapters. The first three treat the history of negatives: Chapter 1 gives Jespersen's Cycle, in which a negative is weakened, strengthened by a second word, and the strengthener becomes the negative (Latin non, French ne ... pas, Old Norse, English "I ne say not" to "I say not"). The middle chapters treat synchronic questions: indirect negation, nexal versus special negation (Chapter 5), double negation, and negative connectives. The last chapters cover English forms: n't, "but", and negative prefixes (un-, in-, dis-, non-, a-). Jespersen gives three placement principles: negation comes before its focus (Neg-First), it attracts the finite verb (Neg-Verbal), and it moves to any word that can take a negative form (Neg-Incorporation, as in "didn't meet anybody" for "met nobody"). The 2025 edition adds an introduction that places the cycle in the context of the author's later pragmatic ideas.

Ideas

For Mova

Chapters: 27. Negation (the placement principles and double negation), 33. Implicature and presupposition (the scale and indirect negation), 10. Word classes (negative connectives and particles), 37. Register and variation (double negation as a register feature). Code: prag/src/frames.rs (polarity in the frames), en/src/morph.rs for negative forms (un-, in-, dis-), en/src/lin.rs for negator placement. Measures: placement counts on UD EWT with sample sizes; school-student accuracy with and without the rewrite; a negative control in which the negator is removed (the answer must change).

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

@book{jespersen1917negation,
  title = {{Negation in English and Other Languages}},
  author = {Jespersen, Otto and Reynolds, Brett and (eds.), Peter Evans},
  year = {1917},
  url = {https://zenodo.org/records/14843487}
}

References

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  152. London, 1902. Selections. find
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  156. London, 1897. Walter Scott (b. 1771) The antiquary (pub. 1816). find
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