UD_Nheengatu-CompLin

Treebank card from UD release 2.18: metadata and texts come from UD_Nheengatu-CompLin/README.md; size is counted by streaming the .conllu files and checked against the release stats.xml. Generated by tools/treebanks build; do not edit by hand. Papers: Papers: UD_Nheengatu-CompLin; seeds: seeds/; converter: convert.md.

Annotation layers

UD scale: manual native — annotated by hand directly in UD; converted from manual — converted from manual annotation in another scheme; converted with corrections — converted and partly corrected by hand; automatic with corrections — automatic, with partial manual corrections; automatic — automatic; not available — the layer is absent.

Size

Tokens are surface tokens (Spanish vámonos is one), words are syntactic words (vamos + nos); multiword tokens are those split into several words; empty nodes are the N.M nodes of the enhanced graph. Splits dev are absent from the release.

Summary

UD_Nheengatu-CompLin is a treebank of Nheengatu, also known as Modern Tupi and Língua Geral Amazônica (ISO 639: yrl). It comprises sentences drawn from a wide range of published sources, including spontaneous speech, grammatical descriptions, fables, myths, coursebooks, and dictionaries.

Introduction

This is the first morphosyntactic treebank of Nheengatu. It remains a work in progress, with ongoing expansion planned for the coming months.

The treebank comprises sentences from a wide range of published sources freely available online, including grammatical descriptions, fables, myths, coursebooks, and dictionaries. The sentences were extracted either from PDF text files, transcribed from non-searchable (image-only) PDFs, or manually converted from phonetic transcriptions into orthography. Throughout the treebank, we generally adopt the spelling system proposed by Avila (2021), diverging from it only in a few cases.

The annotation was performed semi-automatically: we first applied the Yauti morphosyntactic analyzer (de Alencar 2023, 2025) to each sentence and then manually revised the output.

The development of this treebank and related tools is part of the research activities of the Research Group on Computation and Natural Language (Computação e Linguagem Natural — CompLin) at the Humanities Center of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. The main contributor to this effort is Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar, coordinator of the CompLin group. Additional annotators include Dominick Maia Alexandre, Hélio Leonam Barroso Silva, and Juliana Lopes Gurgel, who was a scholarship holder in the DACILAT project funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — FAPESP), Process No. 22/09158-5.

The following repository contains the most up-to-date development version of the treebank, as well as related tools and resources:

github.com/CompLin/nheengatu

The treebank currently includes examples from Seixas (1853), Hartt (1872), Magalhães (1876), Sympson (1877), Rodrigues (1890), Aguiar (1898), Costa (1909), Studart (1926), Amorim (1928), Hartt (1938), Moore, Facundes, and Pires (1994), Casasnovas (2006), Cruz (2011), Comunidade de Terra Preta (2013), Stradelli (1929/2014), Navarro (2016), Melgueiro, Câmara, and Martins (2019), Muller et al. (2019), de Alencar (2021), Avila (2021), and Melgueiro (2022), as well as from the Novo Testamento na língua Nyengatu (1973/2019) and issues 3 and 17 of the Leetra Indígena journal (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014, 2015).

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/yrl/complin/