analogy Who acts: comparison, puzzle, hot, form, teacher, heart · What happens: explain, show, say, be, puzzle, prefer · To what, where: one thing, another, heart, B, Certain translators, otyot yesod · Speech: someone speaks here
«analogy» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: analogy in the Judaism dictionary .
Meaning 1 A comparison that explains one thing by showing how it is like another, for example saying the heart is like a pump.
The tree, 22 words det nsubj nsubj acl:relcl nummod obj mark advcl advmod nsubj cop case obj punct case obl acl det obj cop case det punct root A DET comparison NOUN that PRON explains VERB one NUM thing NOUN by SCONJ showing VERB how ADV it PRON is AUX like ADP another DET , PUNCT for ADP example NOUN saying VERB the DET heart NOUN is AUX like ADP a DET pump NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 comparison det 2 comparison comparison NOUN Number=Sing 23 pump nsubj 3 that that PRON PronType=Rel 4 explains nsubj 4 explains explain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 comparison acl:relcl 5 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 thing nummod 6 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 4 explains obj 7 by by SCONJ _ 8 showing mark 8 showing show VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 explains advcl 9 how how ADV PronType=Int 13 another advmod 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 another nsubj 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 another cop 12 like like ADP _ 13 another case 13 another another DET PronType=Ind 8 showing obj 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 example punct 15 for for ADP _ 16 example case 16 example example NOUN Number=Sing 2 comparison obl 17 saying say VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 comparison acl 18 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 heart det 19 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 17 saying obj 20 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 23 pump cop 21 like like ADP _ 23 pump case 22 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 pump det 23 pump pump NOUN Number=Sing root root 24 . . PUNCT _ 23 pump punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 explain speech: assert present a comparison one thing vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Topic 2 show gerund a comparison not said here another vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent another=Recipient 3 say speech: assert gerund a comparison not said here the heart vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent heart=Topic 4 is present a comparison like a pump tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: school, olympiad — kept apart, not parsed.
A puzzle of the form «A is to B as C is to D», like «hot is to cold as up is to down».
The tree, 24 words det nsubj case det nmod punct det cop mark nmod case nmod cop case punct punct mark punct nsubj cop mark parataxis case obl cop mark compound:prt punct punct root A DET puzzle NOUN of ADP the DET form NOUN « PUNCT A DET is AUX to PART B PROPN as ADP C PROPN is AUX to ADP D PROPN » PUNCT , PUNCT like SCONJ « PUNCT hot ADJ is AUX to PART cold ADJ as ADP up NOUN is AUX to PART down ADP » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 puzzle det 2 puzzle puzzle NOUN Number=Sing 15 D nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 form case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 form det 5 form form NOUN Number=Sing 2 puzzle nmod 6 « « PUNCT _ 10 B punct 7 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 B det 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 B cop 9 to to PART _ 10 B mark 10 B B PROPN Number=Sing 5 form nmod 11 as as ADP _ 12 C case 12 C C PROPN Number=Sing 10 B nmod 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 D cop 14 to to ADP _ 15 D case 15 D D PROPN Number=Sing root root 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 D punct 17 , , PUNCT _ 23 cold punct 18 like like SCONJ _ 23 cold mark 19 « « PUNCT _ 20 hot punct 20 hot hot ADJ Degree=Pos 23 cold nsubj 21 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 23 cold cop 22 to to PART _ 23 cold mark 23 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 15 D parataxis 24 as as ADP _ 25 up case 25 up up NOUN Number=Sing 23 cold obl 26 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 28 down cop 27 to to PART _ 28 down mark 28 down down ADP _ 23 cold compound:prt 29 » » PUNCT _ 23 cold punct 30 . . PUNCT _ 15 D punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present a B as C tree rules 2 is in a quote present a puzzle of the form to D tree rules 3 is in a quote present hot as up; cold property tree rules 4 puzzle the form nom puzzle «communication intransitive»: of=agent
Meaning 3 A likeness between two things in some way.
det case nummod nmod case det nmod punct root A DET likeness NOUN between ADP two NUM things NOUN in ADP some DET way NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 likeness det 2 likeness likeness NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 between between ADP _ 5 things case 4 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 things nummod 5 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 2 likeness nmod 6 in in ADP _ 8 way case 7 some some DET PronType=Ind 8 way det 8 way way NOUN Number=Sing 5 things nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 likeness punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 Certain translators have preferred to render otyot yesod as 'elemental letters' by analogy with the Greek term. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
Sentence 1: Certain translators have preferred to render otyot yesod as 'elemental letters' by analogy with the Greek term.
The tree, 18 words amod nsubj:pass aux mark xcomp compound obj case punct amod obl case case obl case det amod obl punct root Certain ADJ translators NOUN have AUX preferred VERB to PART render VERB otyot NOUN yesod NOUN as ADP ' PUNCT elemental ADJ letters NOUN ' PART by ADP analogy NOUN with ADP the DET Greek ADJ term NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Certain certain ADJ Degree=Pos 2 translators amod 2 translators translator NOUN Number=Plur 4 preferred nsubj:pass 3 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 preferred aux 4 preferred prefer VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 to to PART _ 6 render mark 6 render render VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 preferred xcomp 7 otyot otyot NOUN Number=Sing 8 yesod compound 8 yesod yesod NOUN Number=Sing 6 render obj 9 as as ADP _ 12 letters case 10 ' ' PUNCT _ 12 letters punct 11 elemental elemental ADJ Degree=Pos 12 letters amod 12 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 6 render obl 13 ' 's PART _ 12 letters case 14 by by ADP _ 15 analogy case 15 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 6 render obl 16 with with ADP _ 19 term case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 term det 18 Greek Greek ADJ Degree=Pos 19 term amod 19 term term NOUN Number=Sing 6 render obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 preferred punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 prefer present · perfect · passive Certain translators tree rules 2 render not said to happen to-infinitive otyot yesod as elemental letters; by analogy; with the Greek term vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent yesod=Theme
Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
punct flat punct compound compound appos punct root ( PUNCT Sefer PROPN Yetzirah PROPN , PUNCT Sefaria PROPN community NOUN translation NOUN ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct 2 Sefer Sefer PROPN Number=Sing root root 3 Yetzirah Yetzirah PROPN Number=Sing 2 Sefer flat 4 , , PUNCT _ 7 translation punct 5 Sefaria Sefaria PROPN Number=Sing 7 translation compound 6 community community NOUN Number=Sing 7 translation compound 7 translation translation NOUN Number=Sing 2 Sefer appos 8 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 2 The teacher used the analogy of a pump to explain how the heart works.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj det obj case det nmod mark advcl advmod det nsubj ccomp punct root The DET teacher NOUN used VERB the DET analogy NOUN of ADP a DET pump NOUN to PART explain VERB how ADV the DET heart NOUN works VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 teacher det 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 used nsubj 3 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 analogy det 5 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 3 used obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 pump case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 pump det 8 pump pump NOUN Number=Sing 5 analogy nmod 9 to to PART _ 10 explain mark 10 explain explain VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 used advcl 11 how how ADV PronType=Int 14 works advmod 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 heart det 13 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 14 works nsubj 14 works work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 explain ccomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past the teacher the analogy of a pump vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent analogy=Patient 2 explain speech: assert to-infinitive the teacher not said here vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 work present the heart vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Bird is to nest as bee is to hive — can you finish the analogy?
The tree, 14 words nsubj cop mark case obl cop mark conj punct aux nsubj conj det obj punct root Bird NOUN is AUX to PART nest VERB as ADP bee NOUN is AUX to PART hive VERB — PUNCT can AUX you PRON finish VERB the DET analogy NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bird bird NOUN Number=Sing 4 nest nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 nest cop 3 to to PART _ 4 nest mark 4 nest nest VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 as as ADP _ 6 bee case 6 bee bee NOUN Number=Sing 4 nest obl 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 hive cop 8 to to PART _ 9 hive mark 9 hive hive VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 nest conj 10 — - PUNCT _ 13 finish punct 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 13 finish aux 12 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 13 finish nsubj 13 finish finish VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 nest conj 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 analogy det 15 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 13 finish obj 16 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 nest punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Bird as bee; nest property tree rules 2 is present Bird not said here hive property tree rules 3 finish can you the analogy vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector analogy=Eventuality
Example 4 Comparing the eye to a camera is a common analogy.
csubj det obj case det obl cop det amod punct root Comparing VERB the DET eye NOUN to ADP a DET camera NOUN is AUX a DET common ADJ analogy NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Comparing compare VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 analogy csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 eye det 3 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 1 Comparing obj 4 to to ADP _ 6 camera case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 camera det 6 camera camera NOUN Number=Sing 1 Comparing obl 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 analogy cop 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 analogy det 9 common common ADJ Degree=Pos 10 analogy amod 10 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 . . PUNCT _ 10 analogy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 compare gerund the eye to a camera vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient 2 is a present Comparing a common analogy tree rules
Example 5 By analogy with «sing, sang», some children say «bring, brang», but it is «brought».
The tree, 14 words case obl case punct nmod punct punct punct det nsubj parataxis punct ccomp punct obj punct punct cc nsubj:pass aux:pass punct parataxis punct punct root By ADP analogy NOUN with ADP « PUNCT sing NOUN , PUNCT sang VERB » PUNCT , PUNCT some DET children NOUN say VERB « PUNCT bring VERB , PUNCT brang NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT but CCONJ it PRON is AUX « PUNCT brought VERB » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 By by ADP _ 2 analogy case 2 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 7 sang obl 3 with with ADP _ 5 sing case 4 « « PUNCT _ 5 sing punct 5 sing sing NOUN Number=Sing 2 analogy nmod 6 , , PUNCT _ 2 analogy punct 7 sang sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 » » PUNCT _ 7 sang punct 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 say punct 10 some some DET PronType=Ind 11 children det 11 children child NOUN Number=Plur 12 say nsubj 12 say say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 sang parataxis 13 « « PUNCT _ 14 bring punct 14 bring bring VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 say ccomp 15 , , PUNCT _ 16 brang punct 16 brang brang NOUN Number=Sing 14 bring obj 17 » » PUNCT _ 14 bring punct 18 , , PUNCT _ 23 brought punct 19 but but CCONJ _ 23 brought cc 20 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 23 brought nsubj:pass 21 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 23 brought aux:pass 22 « « PUNCT _ 23 brought punct 23 brought bring VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 sang parataxis 24 » » PUNCT _ 23 brought punct 25 . . PUNCT _ 7 sang punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express in a quote past by analogy with sing vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 say speech: assert present some children vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 bring in a quote infinitive brang vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent brang=Theme 4 bring in a quote present · passive brang vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: subject=Theme
Example 6 There is an analogy between a city and an ant colony: both need workers and roads.
The tree, 16 words expl det nsubj case det nmod cc det compound conj punct nsubj parataxis obj cc conj punct root There PRON is VERB an DET analogy NOUN between ADP a DET city NOUN and CCONJ an DET ant NOUN colony NOUN : PUNCT both DET need VERB workers NOUN and CCONJ roads NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 is expl 2 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 analogy det 4 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 2 is nsubj 5 between between ADP _ 7 city case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 city det 7 city city NOUN Number=Sing 4 analogy nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 11 colony cc 9 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 colony det 10 ant ant NOUN Number=Sing 11 colony compound 11 colony colony NOUN Number=Sing 7 city conj 12 : : PUNCT _ 14 need punct 13 both both DET PronType=Tot 14 need nsubj 14 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 is parataxis 15 workers worker NOUN Number=Plur 14 need obj 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 roads cc 17 roads road NOUN Number=Plur 15 workers conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present a analogy between a city and a ant colony there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 need present both workers and roads vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot worker=Theme
Example 7 Our olympiad paper had ten analogy questions.
nmod:poss compound nsubj nummod compound obj punct root Our PRON olympiad NOUN paper NOUN had VERB ten NUM analogy NOUN questions NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 paper nmod:poss 2 olympiad olympiad NOUN Number=Sing 3 paper compound 3 paper paper NOUN Number=Sing 4 had nsubj 4 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 questions nummod 6 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 7 questions compound 7 questions question NOUN Number=Plur 4 had obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past Our olympiad paper ten analogy questions vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent question=Patient
Example 8 Every analogy breaks down somewhere: the heart is not really made of metal.
The tree, 13 words det nsubj compound:prt advmod punct det nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod advmod parataxis case obl punct root Every DET analogy NOUN breaks VERB down ADP somewhere ADV : PUNCT the DET heart NOUN is AUX not PART really ADV made VERB of ADP metal NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Every every DET PronType=Tot 2 analogy det 2 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 3 breaks nsubj 3 breaks break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 down down ADP _ 3 breaks compound:prt 5 somewhere somewhere ADV PronType=Ind 3 breaks advmod 6 : : PUNCT _ 12 made punct 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 heart det 8 heart heart NOUN Number=Sing 12 made nsubj:pass 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 made aux:pass 10 not not PART Polarity=Neg 12 made advmod 11 really really ADV _ 12 made advmod 12 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 breaks parataxis 13 of of ADP _ 14 metal case 14 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 12 made obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 breaks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break down present every analogy somewhere property vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 not make present · passive the heart of metal vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 9 Hand is to glove as foot is to sock.
nsubj cop mark case obl cop mark conj punct root Hand NOUN is AUX to PART glove VERB as ADP foot NOUN is AUX to PART sock VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Hand hand NOUN Number=Sing 4 glove nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 glove cop 3 to to PART _ 4 glove mark 4 glove glove VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 as as ADP _ 6 foot case 6 foot foot NOUN Number=Sing 4 glove obl 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 sock cop 8 to to PART _ 9 sock mark 9 sock sock VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 glove conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 glove punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Hand as foot; glove property tree rules 2 is present Hand not said here sock property tree rules
Example 10 I fail to see much analogy.
nsubj mark xcomp amod obj punct root I PRON fail VERB to PART see VERB much ADJ analogy NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 fail nsubj 2 fail fail VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 see mark 4 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 fail xcomp 5 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 6 analogy amod 6 analogy analogy NOUN Number=Sing 4 see obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 fail punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fail present I vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 not see to-infinitive I not said here much analogy vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer analogy=Stimulus
Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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