aramaic

Who acts: Onqelos, earth, we · What happens: speak, render, be, desolate, live, tell · To what, where: ancient Semitic language, Middle East, it, Aramaic, Chaldeans, dream · Speech: someone speaks here

«aramaic» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: aramaic in the Judaism dictionary.

Meaning 1

An ancient Semitic language related to Hebrew, once spoken across the Middle East.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 language	det
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 language	amod
3	Semitic	semitic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 language	amod
4	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	related	related	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 language	amod
6	to	to	ADP	_	7 Hebrew	case
7	Hebrew	Hebrew	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 related	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 spoken	punct
9	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	10 spoken	advmod
10	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 language	acl
11	across	across	ADP	_	14 East	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 East	det
13	Middle	Middle	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 East	compound
14	East	East	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 spoken	obl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 language	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	speak speech: other	participle		a ancient Semitic language not said here		the Middle East		once property	vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Example 1

Onqelos, who renders it into Aramaic as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya ‘(and the earth was) barren and desolate’ (https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php?coord=5100101021). (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

Sentence 1: Onqelos, who renders it into Aramaic as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya ‘(and the earth was) barren and desolate’ (https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php?coord=5100101021).

The tree, 23 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Onqelos	Onqelos	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 renders	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 renders	punct
3	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 renders	nsubj
4	renders	render	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 renders	obj
6	into	into	ADP	_	7 Aramaic	case
7	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 renders	obl
8	as	as	ADP	_	9 צָדְיָא	case
9	צָדְיָא	צָדְיָא	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 renders	obl
10	וְרוֹקָנְיָא	וְרוֹקָנְיָא	ADP	_	12 weroqanya	case
11	tzadya	tzadya	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 weroqanya	compound
12	weroqanya	weroqanya	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 צָדְיָא	nmod
13	‘	‘	SYM	_	12 weroqanya	punct
14	(	(	PUNCT	_	20 barren	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 barren	cc
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 earth	det
17	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 barren	nsubj
18	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	20 barren	cop
19	)	)	PUNCT	_	18 was	punct
20	barren	barren	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 renders	parataxis
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 desolate	cc
22	desolate	desolate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 barren	conj
23	’	'	PUNCT	_	20 barren	punct
24	(	(	PUNCT	_	25 https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	punct
25	https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	PROPN	_	4 renders	list
26	?	?	PUNCT	_	27 coord	punct
27	coord	coord	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 https://cal.huc.edu/comment.php	conj
28	=	=	SYM	_	29 5100101021	case
29	5100101021	5100101021	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	27 coord	nmod
30	)	)	PUNCT	_	29 5100101021	punct
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 renders	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	render	present	Onqelos	it	Aramaic	as צָדְיָא וְרוֹקָנְיָא tzadya weroqanya	vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
2	is	past	the earth			barren property	tree rules
3	desolate	infinitive	the earth not said here				tree rules

Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	flat
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 translation	punct
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 translation	compound
6	community	community	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 translation	compound
7	translation	translation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	appos
8	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 2

Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in Aramaic: 'O king, live for ever! tell thy servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation.' (Writings DAN.2.4, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in Aramaic: 'O king, live for ever! tell thy servants the dream, and we will declare the interpretation.'

The tree, 25 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	2 spoke	advmod
2	spoke	speak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 Chaldeans	det
4	Chaldeans	Chaldean	PROPN	Number=Plur	2 spoke	obj
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 king	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 king	det
7	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 spoke	obl
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 Aramaic	case
9	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 spoke	obl
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	15 live	punct
11	'	'	PUNCT	_	15 live	punct
12	O	of	ADP	Abbr=Yes	13 king	case
13	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 live	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 king	punct
15	live	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 spoke	conj
16	for	for	SCONJ	_	19 tell	mark
17	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	19 tell	advmod
18	!	!	PUNCT	_	17 ever	punct
19	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 live	advcl
20	thy	thy	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs Style=Arch	21 servants	nmod:poss
21	servants	servant	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 tell	iobj
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 dream	det
23	dream	dream	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 tell	obj
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 declare	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 declare	cc
26	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	28 declare	nsubj
27	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	28 declare	aux
28	declare	declare	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 spoke	parataxis
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 interpretation	det
30	interpretation	interpretation	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 declare	obj
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	28 declare	punct
32	'	'	PUNCT	_	28 declare	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	speak speech: other	past		the Chaldeans		Aramaic	then	to the king	tree rules
2	live	present						of king	vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	tell speech: assert	infinitive		the dream	thy servants		ever		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent servant=Recipient dream=Topic
4	declare speech: other	future	we	the interpretation					vn declare-29.4-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent interpretation=Attribute

Sentence 2: (Writings DAN.2.4, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	DAN.2.4	DAN.2.4	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Writings	appos
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 JPS	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 DAN.2.4	flat
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 DAN.2.4	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 3

And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Aramaic character, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue. (Writings EZR.4.7, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Aramaic character, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue.

The tree, 40 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	7 wrote	cc
2	in	in	ADP	_	4 days	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 days	det
4	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 wrote	obl
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 Artaxerxes	case
6	Artaxerxes	Artaxerxes	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 days	nmod
7	wrote	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	Bishlam	Bishlam	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 wrote	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 Mithredath	punct
10	Mithredath	Mithredath	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 Bishlam	flat
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 Tabeel	punct
12	Tabeel	Tabeel	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 Bishlam	conj
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 rest	punct
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 rest	cc
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 rest	det
16	rest	rest	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 wrote	obl
17	of	of	ADP	_	19 companions	case
18	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	19 companions	nmod:poss
19	companions	companion	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 rest	nmod
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 king	punct
21	unto	unto	ADP	_	23 king	case
22	Artaxerxes	Artaxerx	PROPN	Number=Plur	23 king	compound
23	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 rest	appos
24	of	of	ADP	_	25 Persia	case
25	Persia	Persia	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 king	nmod
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	34 written	punct
27	and	and	CCONJ	_	34 written	cc
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	29 writing	det
29	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 written	nsubj:pass
30	of	of	ADP	_	32 letter	case
31	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	32 letter	det
32	letter	letter	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 writing	nmod
33	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	34 written	aux:pass
34	written	write	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 wrote	advcl
35	in	in	ADP	_	38 character	case
36	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	38 character	det
37	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	Number=Sing	38 character	compound
38	character	character	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 written	obl
39	,	,	PUNCT	_	41 set	punct
40	and	and	CCONJ	_	41 set	cc
41	set	set	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	34 written	conj
42	forth	forth	ADV	_	41 set	advmod
43	in	in	ADP	_	46 tongue	case
44	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	46 tongue	det
45	Aramaic	Aramaic	PROPN	Number=Sing	46 tongue	compound
46	tongue	tongue	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 set	obl
47	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 wrote	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	write	past	Bishlam and Tabeel		day	the rest of Tabeel's companions obl	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bishlam=Theme
2	write	past · passive	the writing of the letter	the Aramaic character			vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in character=Destination
3	set	infinitive		the Aramaic tongue		forth property	vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in tongue=Destination
4	write		the letter				nom writing «act transitive»: of=patient

Sentence 2: (Writings EZR.4.7, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	EZR.4.7	EZR.4.7	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Writings	appos
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 JPS	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 EZR.4.7	flat
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 EZR.4.7	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/A/aramaic/