defy

Who acts: danger, It, that, I, girl, climbers · What happens: defy, be, not obey, not beat, do, tend · To what, where: someone, them, something, you, human ability, me

«defy» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 4 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: defy in the Judaism dictionary.

Meaning 1

To defy someone is to refuse openly to obey them.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 defy	mark
2	defy	defy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 refuse	advcl
3	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 defy	obj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 refuse	cop
5	to	to	PART	_	6 refuse	mark
6	refuse	refuse	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	openly	openly	ADV	_	6 refuse	advmod
8	to	to	PART	_	9 obey	mark
9	obey	obey	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 refuse	xcomp
10	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 obey	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 refuse	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	defy	to-infinitive	someone		tree rules
2	is	present		openly, refuse property	tree rules
3	not obey	to-infinitive	them = they		vn abide_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

To defy something, such as a law or danger, is to face it boldly as if it cannot beat you.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 defy	mark
2	defy	defy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 face	advcl
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 defy	obj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 law	punct
5	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	8 law	case
6	as	as	ADP	_	5 such	fixed
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 law	det
8	law	law	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 something	nmod
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 danger	cc
10	danger	danger	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 law	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 defy	punct
12	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 face	cop
13	to	to	PART	_	14 face	mark
14	face	face	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 face	obj
16	boldly	boldly	ADV	Degree=Pos	14 face	advmod
17	as	as	SCONJ	_	22 beat	mark
18	if	if	SCONJ	_	22 beat	mark
19	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 beat	nsubj
20	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 beat	aux
21	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	22 beat	advmod
22	beat	beat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 face	advcl
23	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	22 beat	obj
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	14 face	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	defy	to-infinitive		something	such a law or danger	tree rules
2	is	present			boldly, face property	tree rules
3	not beat	can	danger	you		vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location you=Theme

Meaning 3

To defy someone is also to dare them to do something.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 defy	mark
2	defy	defy	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 dare	advcl
3	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 defy	obj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 dare	cop
5	also	also	ADV	_	7 dare	advmod
6	to	to	PART	_	7 dare	mark
7	dare	dare	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 dare	obj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 do	mark
10	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 dare	xcomp
11	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	10 do	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 dare	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	defy	to-infinitive	someone		tree rules
2	is	present		dare property	tree rules
3	do	to-infinitive	something		vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality

Example 1

It tends to be used of things that are marvelous, miraculous, or otherwise supernatural and extraordinary, i.e. that which defies the human ability to do or understand and must therefore be divine, e.g. [Deuteronomy 28:59], [Psalm 118:23], [Psalm 139:6]. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

Sentence 1: It tends to be used of things that are marvelous, miraculous, or otherwise supernatural and extraordinary, i.e. that which defies the human ability to do or understand and must therefore be divine, e.g. [Deuteronomy 28:59], [Psalm 118:23], [Psalm 139:6].

The tree, 39 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 tends	nsubj
2	tends	tend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	5 used	mark
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 used	aux:pass
5	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 tends	xcomp
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 things	case
7	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 used	obl
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 marvelous	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 marvelous	cop
10	marvelous	marvelous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 things	amod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 miraculous	punct
12	miraculous	miraculous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 marvelous	conj
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 supernatural	punct
14	or	or	CCONJ	_	16 supernatural	cc
15	otherwise	otherwise	ADV	_	16 supernatural	advmod
16	supernatural	supernatural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 marvelous	conj
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 extraordinary	cc
18	extraordinary	extraordinary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 supernatural	conj
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 i.e.	punct
20	i.e.	i.e.	ADV	_	10 marvelous	parataxis
21	that	that	SCONJ	_	23 defies	mark
22	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	23 defies	nsubj
23	defies	defy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 i.e.	advcl
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	26 ability	det
25	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 ability	amod
26	ability	ability	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 defies	obj
27	to	to	PART	_	28 do	mark
28	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	26 ability	acl
29	or	or	CCONJ	_	30 understand	cc
30	understand	understand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	28 do	conj
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	35 divine	cc
32	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	35 divine	aux
33	therefore	therefore	ADV	_	35 divine	advmod
34	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	35 divine	cop
35	divine	divine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 defies	conj
36	,	,	PUNCT	_	37 e.g.	punct
37	e.g.	e.g.	ADV	_	35 divine	conj
38	[	[	PUNCT	_	39 Deuteronomy	punct
39	Deuteronomy	Deuteronomy	PROPN	Number=Sing	37 e.g.	conj
40	28:59	28:59	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	39 Deuteronomy	flat
41	]	]	PUNCT	_	39 Deuteronomy	punct
42	,	,	PUNCT	_	44 Psalm	punct
43	[	[	PUNCT	_	44 Psalm	punct
44	Psalm	Psalm	PROPN	Number=Sing	39 Deuteronomy	conj
45	118:23	118:23	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	44 Psalm	flat
46	]	]	PUNCT	_	44 Psalm	punct
47	,	,	PUNCT	_	49 Psalm	punct
48	[	[	PUNCT	_	49 Psalm	punct
49	Psalm	Psalm	PROPN	Number=Sing	39 Deuteronomy	parataxis
50	139:6	139:6	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	49 Psalm	flat
51	]	]	PUNCT	_	49 Psalm	punct
52	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 tends	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	tend	present	It			tree rules
2	use	to-infinitive · passive			of things	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»
3	is	present	that		marvelous property	tree rules
4	be		that not said here			tree rules
5	be		that not said here		otherwise property	tree rules
6	defy	present		the human ability		tree rules
7	do	to-infinitive		the human ability not said here		vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
8	understand	infinitive				vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
9	is	must			divine, therefore property	tree rules

Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	flat
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 translation	punct
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 translation	compound
6	community	community	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 translation	compound
7	translation	translation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Sefer	appos
8	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Sefer	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 2

I defy you to catch me!

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 defy	nsubj
2	defy	defy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	2 defy	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 catch	mark
5	catch	catch	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 defy	advcl
6	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	5 catch	obj
7	!	!	PUNCT	_	2 defy	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	defy	present	I	you					tree rules
2	catch	to-infinitive	I not said here	me					vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme

Example 3

The girl defied her teacher and stayed outside.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 girl	det
2	girl	girl	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 defied	nsubj
3	defied	defy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 teacher	nmod:poss
5	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 defied	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 stayed	cc
7	stayed	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 defied	conj
8	outside	outside	ADV	_	7 stayed	advmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 defied	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	defy	past	the girl	girl's teacher					tree rules
2	stay	past	the girl not said here					outside property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 4

The climbers defied the storm and reached the top.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 climbers	det
2	climbers	climber	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 defied	nsubj
3	defied	defy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 storm	det
5	storm	storm	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 defied	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 reached	cc
7	reached	reach	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 defied	conj
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 top	det
9	top	top	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 reached	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 defied	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	defy	past	the climbers	the storm					tree rules
2	reach	past	the climbers not said here	the top					vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent top=Theme

Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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