participle Who acts: participle, present participle, past participle, first, שכובה, shakhav · What happens: be, use, make, end, run, eat · To what, where: form, verb, tenses, ing, ed, special form · Speech: someone speaks here
«participle» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: participle in the Judaism dictionary .
Meaning 1 A participle is a form of a verb used to make tenses or used like an adjective.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop det case det nmod acl mark advcl obj cc conj case det obl punct root A DET participle NOUN is AUX a DET form NOUN of ADP a DET verb NOUN used VERB to PART make VERB tenses NOUN or CCONJ used VERB like ADP an DET adjective NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 participle det 2 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 5 form nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 form cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 form det 5 form form NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 8 verb case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 verb det 8 verb verb NOUN Number=Sing 5 form nmod 9 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 verb acl 10 to to PART _ 11 make mark 11 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 used advcl 12 tenses tense NOUN Number=Plur 11 make obj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 used cc 14 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 tenses conj 15 like like ADP _ 17 adjective case 16 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 adjective det 17 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 14 used obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a participle a form of a verb tree rules 2 use participle a verb not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 make to-infinitive tenses vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tense=Product 4 use participle like a adjective vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The present participle ends in «-ing»: running, eating, singing.
The tree, 9 words det amod nsubj case punct punct obl punct punct advcl punct conj punct conj punct root The DET present ADJ participle NOUN ends VERB in ADP « PUNCT - PUNCT ing NOUN » PUNCT : PUNCT running VERB , PUNCT eating VERB , PUNCT singing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 participle det 2 present present ADJ Degree=Pos 3 participle amod 3 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 4 ends nsubj 4 ends end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 in in ADP _ 8 ing case 6 « « PUNCT _ 8 ing punct 7 - - PUNCT _ 8 ing punct 8 ing ing NOUN Number=Sing 4 ends obl 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 ing punct 10 : : PUNCT _ 11 running punct 11 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 ends advcl 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 eating punct 13 eating eat VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 11 running conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 singing punct 15 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 11 running conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 ends punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end present the present participle ing vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 2 run gerund the present participle not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 eat gerund the present participle not said here vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 sing speech: express gerund the present participle not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Meaning 3 The past participle often ends in «-ed», «-en» or has a special form: walked, eaten, sung, gone.
The tree, 17 words det amod nsubj advmod case punct punct obl punct punct punct punct conj punct cc conj det amod obj punct acl punct conj punct conj punct conj punct root The DET past ADJ participle NOUN often ADV ends VERB in ADP « PUNCT - PUNCT ed NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT « PUNCT - PUNCT en NOUN » PUNCT or CCONJ has VERB a DET special ADJ form NOUN : PUNCT walked VERB , PUNCT eaten VERB , PUNCT sung VERB , PUNCT gone VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 participle det 2 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 3 participle amod 3 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 5 ends nsubj 4 often often ADV _ 5 ends advmod 5 ends end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 in in ADP _ 9 ed case 7 « « PUNCT _ 9 ed punct 8 - - PUNCT _ 9 ed punct 9 ed ed NOUN Number=Sing 5 ends obl 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 ed punct 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 en punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 14 en punct 13 - - PUNCT _ 14 en punct 14 en en NOUN Number=Sing 9 ed conj 15 » » PUNCT _ 14 en punct 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 has cc 17 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 ends conj 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 form det 19 special special ADJ Degree=Pos 20 form amod 20 form form NOUN Number=Sing 17 has obj 21 : : PUNCT _ 22 walked punct 22 walked walk VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 20 form acl 23 , , PUNCT _ 24 eaten punct 24 eaten eat VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 22 walked conj 25 , , PUNCT _ 26 sung punct 26 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 22 walked conj 27 , , PUNCT _ 28 gone punct 28 gone go VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 26 sung conj 29 . . PUNCT _ 5 ends punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end present the past participle ed and en often property vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 2 have present the past participle not said here a special form vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Patient 3 walk participle a special form not said here vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 eat participle vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 5 sing speech: express participle vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 6 go participle vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 The first is clearly the root שָׁכַב shakhav ‘to lie, lie down’, but שכובה looks like a passive participle, shekhuvah, while shakhav is normally an intransitive verb not amenable to being made passive. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
Sentence 1: The first is clearly the root שָׁכַב shakhav ‘to lie, lie down’, but שכובה looks like a passive participle, shekhuvah, while shakhav is normally an intransitive verb not amenable to being made passive.
The tree, 33 words det nsubj cop advmod det compound compound punct mark parataxis punct conj advmod punct punct cc nsubj parataxis case det amod obl punct discourse punct mark nsubj cop advmod det amod conj advmod amod mark aux:pass advcl xcomp punct root The DET first ADJ is AUX clearly ADV the DET root NOUN שָׁכַב NOUN shakhav NOUN ‘ PUNCT to PART lie VERB , PUNCT lie VERB down ADV ’ PUNCT , PUNCT but CCONJ שכובה NOUN looks VERB like ADP a DET passive ADJ participle NOUN , PUNCT shekhuvah INTJ , PUNCT while SCONJ shakhav NOUN is AUX normally ADV an DET intransitive ADJ verb NOUN not PART amenable ADJ to SCONJ being AUX made VERB passive ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 first det 2 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 8 shakhav nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 shakhav cop 4 clearly clearly ADV _ 8 shakhav advmod 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 shakhav det 6 root root NOUN Number=Sing 7 שָׁכַב compound 7 שָׁכַב שָׁכַב NOUN Number=Sing 8 shakhav compound 8 shakhav shakhav NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 11 lie punct 10 to to PART _ 11 lie mark 11 lie lie VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 8 shakhav parataxis 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 lie punct 13 lie lie VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 11 lie conj 14 down down ADV _ 13 lie advmod 15 ’ ' PUNCT _ 11 lie punct 16 , , PUNCT _ 19 looks punct 17 but but CCONJ _ 19 looks cc 18 שכובה שכובה NOUN Number=Sing 19 looks nsubj 19 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 shakhav parataxis 20 like like ADP _ 23 participle case 21 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 participle det 22 passive passive ADJ Degree=Pos 23 participle amod 23 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 19 looks obl 24 , , PUNCT _ 25 shekhuvah punct 25 shekhuvah shekhuvah INTJ _ 19 looks discourse 26 , , PUNCT _ 33 verb punct 27 while while SCONJ _ 33 verb mark 28 shakhav shakhav NOUN Number=Sing 33 verb nsubj 29 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 33 verb cop 30 normally normally ADV _ 33 verb advmod 31 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 33 verb det 32 intransitive intransitive ADJ Degree=Pos 33 verb amod 33 verb verb NOUN Number=Sing 19 looks conj 34 not not PART Polarity=Neg 35 amenable advmod 35 amenable amenable ADJ Degree=Pos 33 verb amod 36 to to SCONJ _ 38 made mark 37 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 38 made aux:pass 38 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 35 amenable advcl 39 passive passive ADJ Degree=Pos 38 made xcomp 40 . . PUNCT _ 8 shakhav punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the first the שָׁכַב shakhav clearly property tree rules 2 lie to-infinitive vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 lie down infinitive down property vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 look present שכובה like a passive participle vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 5 is a present shakhav a intransitive verb normally property tree rules 6 make gerund · passive shakhav not said here passive property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»
Sentence 2: (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
punct flat punct compound compound appos punct root ( PUNCT Sefer PROPN Yetzirah PROPN , PUNCT Sefaria PROPN community NOUN translation NOUN ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct 2 Sefer Sefer PROPN Number=Sing root root 3 Yetzirah Yetzirah PROPN Number=Sing 2 Sefer flat 4 , , PUNCT _ 7 translation punct 5 Sefaria Sefaria PROPN Number=Sing 7 translation compound 6 community community NOUN Number=Sing 7 translation compound 7 translation translation NOUN Number=Sing 2 Sefer appos 8 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 Sefer punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 2 In «She is singing», singing is the present participle.
mark punct nsubj aux csubj punct punct conj cop det amod punct root In SCONJ « PUNCT She PRON is AUX singing VERB » PUNCT , PUNCT singing VERB is AUX the DET present ADJ participle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in SCONJ _ 5 singing mark 2 « « PUNCT _ 5 singing punct 3 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 singing nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 singing aux 5 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 participle csubj 6 » » PUNCT _ 5 singing punct 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 singing punct 8 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 singing conj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 participle cop 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 participle det 11 present present ADJ Degree=Pos 12 participle amod 12 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing root root 13 . . PUNCT _ 12 participle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express in a quote present · progressive She vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location 2 sing speech: express gerund She not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 is a present singing the present participle tree rules
Example 3 In «I have finished my homework», finished is the past participle.
The tree, 11 words mark punct nsubj aux advcl nmod:poss obj punct punct advcl cop det amod punct root In SCONJ « PUNCT I PRON have AUX finished VERB my PRON homework NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT finished VERB is AUX the DET past ADJ participle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in SCONJ _ 5 finished mark 2 « « PUNCT _ 5 finished punct 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 finished nsubj 4 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 finished aux 5 finished finish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 14 participle advcl 6 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 homework nmod:poss 7 homework homework NOUN Number=Sing 5 finished obj 8 » » PUNCT _ 5 finished punct 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 finished punct 10 finished finish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 finished advcl 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 participle cop 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 participle det 13 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 14 participle amod 14 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing root root 15 . . PUNCT _ 14 participle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 finish in a quote present · perfect I my homework vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector homework=Eventuality 2 finish participle I not said here vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 3 is a present the past participle tree rules
Example 4 The past participle of «go» is «gone».
det amod nsubj case punct acl punct cop punct punct punct root The DET past ADJ participle NOUN of ADP « PUNCT go VERB » PUNCT is AUX « PUNCT gone ADJ » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 participle det 2 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 3 participle amod 3 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 10 gone nsubj 4 of of ADP _ 6 go case 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 go punct 6 go go VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 participle acl 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 go punct 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 gone cop 9 « « PUNCT _ 10 gone punct 10 gone gone ADJ Degree=Pos root root 11 » » PUNCT _ 10 gone punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 10 gone punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go in a quote infinitive the past participle not said here vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 is in a quote present the past participle gone property tree rules
Example 5 «A broken window» uses the past participle as an adjective.
punct det amod nsubj punct det amod obj case det nmod punct root « PUNCT A DET broken ADJ window NOUN » PUNCT uses VERB the DET past ADJ participle NOUN as ADP an DET adjective NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 window punct 2 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 window det 3 broken broken ADJ Degree=Pos 4 window amod 4 window window NOUN Number=Sing 6 uses nsubj 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 window punct 6 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 participle det 8 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 9 participle amod 9 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 6 uses obj 10 as as ADP _ 12 adjective case 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 adjective det 12 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 9 participle nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present a broken window the past participle as a adjective vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent participle=Duration as adjective=Attribute
Example 6 Write the past participle of «write»: written.
det amod obj mark punct acl punct punct conj punct root Write VERB the DET past ADJ participle NOUN of SCONJ « PUNCT write VERB » PUNCT : PUNCT written VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Write write VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 participle det 3 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 4 participle amod 4 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 1 Write obj 5 of of SCONJ _ 7 write mark 6 « « PUNCT _ 7 write punct 7 write write VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 participle acl 8 » » PUNCT _ 7 write punct 9 : : PUNCT _ 10 written punct 10 written write VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Write conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Write punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write imperative you not said here the past participle vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent participle=Theme 2 write in a quote infinitive the past participle not said here vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 write participle you not said here vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 Some verbs have odd participles, such as swim, swam, swum.
det nsubj amod obj punct case fixed conj punct parataxis punct conj punct root Some DET verbs NOUN have VERB odd ADJ participles NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP swim NOUN , PUNCT swam VERB , PUNCT swum VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 verbs det 2 verbs verb NOUN Number=Plur 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 odd odd ADJ Degree=Pos 5 participles amod 5 participles participle NOUN Number=Plur 3 have obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 swim punct 7 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 9 swim case 8 as as ADP _ 7 such fixed 9 swim swim NOUN Number=Sing 5 participles conj 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 swam punct 11 swam swim VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 have parataxis 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 swum punct 13 swum swum VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 swam conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present some verbs odd participles and swim vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent participle=Patient 2 swim past vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 swum infinitive tree rules
Example 8 «Running late, we jumped in the car» starts with a participle phrase.
The tree, 12 words punct advcl advmod punct nsubj case det obl punct conj case det compound obl punct root « PUNCT Running VERB late ADV , PUNCT we PRON jumped VERB in ADP the DET car NOUN » PUNCT starts VERB with ADP a DET participle NOUN phrase NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Running punct 2 Running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 jumped advcl 3 late late ADV Degree=Pos 2 Running advmod 4 , , PUNCT _ 2 Running punct 5 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 jumped nsubj 6 jumped jump VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 in in ADP _ 9 car case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 car det 9 car car NOUN Number=Sing 6 jumped obl 10 » » PUNCT _ 11 starts punct 11 starts start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 jumped conj 12 with with ADP _ 15 phrase case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 phrase det 14 participle participle NOUN Number=Sing 15 phrase compound 15 phrase phrase NOUN Number=Sing 11 starts obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 jumped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run in a quote gerund we not said here late property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 jump in a quote past we the car vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in car=Trajectory 3 start present we not said here with a participle phrase vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with phrase=Subeventuality
Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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