abrade Who acts: rough rope, Wind, river, She, Sandpaper, Glaciers · What happens: abrade, mean, scrape, wear away, rub, carry · To what, where: surface, hands, rocks, desert, Pebbles, riverbed · Speech: someone speaks here
«abrade» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abrade in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To abrade means to scrape or wear away the surface of something by rubbing: «The rough rope abraded his hands.».
The tree, 20 words mark csubj mark xcomp cc conj advmod det obj case nmod mark advcl punct punct det amod nsubj parataxis nmod:poss obj punct punct punct root To PART abrade VERB means VERB to PART scrape VERB or CCONJ wear VERB away ADV the DET surface NOUN of ADP something PRON by SCONJ rubbing VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT The DET rough ADJ rope NOUN abraded VERB his PRON hands NOUN . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 abrade mark 2 abrade abrade VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 scrape mark 5 scrape scrape VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 wear cc 7 wear wear VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 scrape conj 8 away away ADV _ 7 wear advmod 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 surface det 10 surface surface NOUN Number=Sing 7 wear obj 11 of of ADP _ 12 something case 12 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 surface nmod 13 by by SCONJ _ 14 rubbing mark 14 rubbing rub VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 wear advcl 15 : : PUNCT _ 20 abraded punct 16 « « PUNCT _ 20 abraded punct 17 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 19 rope det 18 rough rough ADJ Degree=Pos 19 rope amod 19 rope rope NOUN Number=Sing 20 abraded nsubj 20 abraded abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 means parataxis 21 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 22 hands nmod:poss 22 hands hand NOUN Number=Plur 20 abraded obj 23 . . PUNCT _ 20 abraded punct 24 » » PUNCT _ 20 abraded punct 25 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abrade to-infinitive vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 scrape not said to happen to-infinitive vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient 4 wear away infinitive the surface of something away property vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent surface=Source 5 rub gerund vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme 6 abrade in a quote past the rough rope rope's hands vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hand=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Wind full of sand abrades the rocks in the desert.
nsubj amod case obl det obj case det obl punct root Wind NOUN full ADJ of ADP sand NOUN abrades VERB the DET rocks NOUN in ADP the DET desert NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 5 abrades nsubj 2 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Wind amod 3 of of ADP _ 4 sand case 4 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 2 full obl 5 abrades abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 rocks det 7 rocks rock NOUN Number=Plur 5 abrades obj 8 in in ADP _ 10 desert case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 desert det 10 desert desert NOUN Number=Sing 5 abrades obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 abrades punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abrade present Wind the rocks the desert vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rock=Patient
Example 2 The rough rope abraded his hands.
det amod nsubj nmod:poss obj punct root The DET rough ADJ rope NOUN abraded VERB his PRON hands NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 rope det 2 rough rough ADJ Degree=Pos 3 rope amod 3 rope rope NOUN Number=Sing 4 abraded nsubj 4 abraded abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 hands nmod:poss 6 hands hand NOUN Number=Plur 4 abraded obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 abraded punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abrade past the rough rope rope's hands vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hand=Patient
Example 3 Pebbles carried by the river abrade the riverbed.
nsubj:pass case det obl advcl det obj punct root Pebbles NOUN carried VERB by ADP the DET river NOUN abrade VERB the DET riverbed NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pebbles pebble NOUN Number=Plur 2 carried nsubj:pass 2 carried carry VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 3 by by ADP _ 5 river case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 river det 5 river river NOUN Number=Sing 2 carried obl 6 abrade abrade VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 carried advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 riverbed det 8 riverbed riverbed NOUN Number=Sing 6 abrade obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 carried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carry participle · passive the river Pebbles vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme 2 abrade infinitive the river not said here the riverbed vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent riverbed=Patient
Example 4 She fell off her bike and abraded her knee.
nsubj case nmod:poss obl cc conj nmod:poss obj punct root She PRON fell VERB off ADP her PRON bike NOUN and CCONJ abraded VERB her PRON knee NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 fell nsubj 2 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 off off ADP _ 5 bike case 4 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 bike nmod:poss 5 bike bike NOUN Number=Sing 2 fell obl 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 abraded cc 7 abraded abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 fell conj 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 knee nmod:poss 9 knee knee NOUN Number=Sing 7 abraded obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall off past She her bike vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient bike=Extent 2 abrade past She not said here her knee vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent knee=Patient
Example 5 Sandpaper abrades the wood until it is smooth.
nsubj det obj mark nsubj cop advcl punct root Sandpaper NOUN abrades VERB the DET wood NOUN until SCONJ it PRON is AUX smooth ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sandpaper sandpaper NOUN Number=Sing 2 abrades nsubj 2 abrades abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 wood det 4 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 2 abrades obj 5 until until SCONJ _ 8 smooth mark 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 smooth nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 smooth cop 8 smooth smooth ADJ Degree=Pos 2 abrades advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 abrades punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abrade present Sandpaper the wood vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent wood=Patient 2 is present Sandpaper smooth property tree rules
Example 6 Glaciers abrade the rock beneath them, leaving scratches.
nsubj det obj case obl punct advcl obj punct root Glaciers NOUN abrade VERB the DET rock NOUN beneath ADP them PRON , PUNCT leaving VERB scratches NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Glaciers glacier NOUN Number=Plur 2 abrade nsubj 2 abrade abrade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 rock det 4 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 2 abrade obj 5 beneath beneath ADP _ 6 them case 6 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 abrade obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 leaving punct 8 leaving leave VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 abrade advcl 9 scratches scratch NOUN Number=Plur 8 leaving obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 abrade punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abrade present Glaciers the rock beneath them = they vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rock=Patient 2 leave gerund Glaciers not said here scratches vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scratch=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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