abrasion

Who acts: surface, She, you, abrasion, river, stones · What happens: rub off, graze, wear away, rub, wear, fall off · To what, where: top layer, rocks, bike, abrasion, elbow, plaster

«abrasion» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abrasion in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A scrape on the skin where the top layer has been rubbed off, like a grazed knee.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 scrape	det
2	scrape	scrape	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	5 skin	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 skin	det
5	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 scrape	nmod
6	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	12 rubbed	advmod
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 layer	det
8	top	top	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 layer	amod
9	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 rubbed	nsubj:pass
10	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 rubbed	aux
11	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	12 rubbed	aux:pass
12	rubbed	rub	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 skin	acl:relcl
13	off	off	ADP	_	12 rubbed	compound:prt
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 knee	punct
15	like	like	ADP	_	18 knee	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 knee	det
17	grazed	graze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	18 knee	amod
18	knee	knee	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 rubbed	obl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 scrape	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rub off	present · perfect · passive		the top layer				like a grazed knee	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme
2	graze	participle							vn dine-39.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, like rocks worn smooth by sand, water or wind.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 wearing	det
2	wearing	wear	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	away	away	ADV	_	2 wearing	advmod
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 surface	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 surface	det
6	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 wearing	obl
7	by	by	SCONJ	_	8 rubbing	mark
8	rubbing	rub	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 surface	acl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 rocks	punct
10	like	like	ADP	_	11 rocks	case
11	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 rubbing	obj
12	worn	wear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 rocks	acl
13	smooth	smooth	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 worn	xcomp
14	by	by	ADP	_	15 sand	case
15	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 worn	obl
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 water	punct
17	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 sand	conj
18	or	or	CCONJ	_	19 wind	cc
19	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 sand	conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 wearing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	wear away	gerund			of a surface; away property	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent of surface=Source
2	rub	gerund	a surface not said here	rocks		vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent rock=Theme
3	wear	participle		rocks not said here	by sand and water or wind; smooth property	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent

Example 1

She fell off her bike and got an abrasion on her elbow.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 fell	nsubj
2	fell	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	off	off	ADP	_	5 bike	case
4	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 bike	nmod:poss
5	bike	bike	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 fell	obl
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 got	cc
7	got	get	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 fell	conj
8	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 abrasion	det
9	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 got	obj
10	on	on	ADP	_	12 elbow	case
11	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 elbow	nmod:poss
12	elbow	elbow	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 got	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 fell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fall off	past	She	her bike					vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient bike=Extent
2	get	past	She not said here	a abrasion		her elbow			vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent abrasion=Theme on elbow=Source

Example 2

Clean an abrasion with clean water before putting on a plaster.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Clean	clean	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 abrasion	det
3	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Clean	obj
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 water	case
5	clean	clean	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 water	amod
6	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Clean	obl
7	before	before	SCONJ	_	8 putting	mark
8	putting	put	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Clean	advcl
9	on	on	ADP	_	11 plaster	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 plaster	det
11	plaster	plaster	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 putting	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Clean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	clean	imperative	you not said here	a abrasion				with clean water	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent abrasion=Patient with water=Instrument
2	put	gerund	you not said here			a plaster			vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on plaster=Destination

Example 3

The rocks on the beach were smoothed by abrasion.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 rocks	det
2	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 smoothed	nsubj:pass
3	on	on	ADP	_	5 beach	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 beach	det
5	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rocks	nmod
6	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 smoothed	aux:pass
7	smoothed	smooth	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 abrasion	case
9	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 smoothed	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 smoothed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	smooth	past · passive	abrasion	the rocks on the beach					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Example 4

The river carries stones that wear away its bed by abrasion.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 river	det
2	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 carries	nsubj
3	carries	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 carries	obj
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 wear	nsubj
6	wear	wear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 stones	acl:relcl
7	away	away	ADV	_	6 wear	advmod
8	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 bed	nmod:poss
9	bed	bed	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 wear	obj
10	by	by	ADP	_	11 abrasion	case
11	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 wear	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 carries	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carry	present	the river	stones					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Theme
2	wear away	present	stones	river's bed				by abrasion; away property	vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent bed=Theme

Example 5

He had only cuts and abrasions after the fall.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 had	nsubj
2	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	4 cuts	advmod
4	cuts	cut	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 had	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 abrasions	cc
6	abrasions	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 cuts	conj
7	after	after	ADP	_	9 fall	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 fall	det
9	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 had	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	He	cuts and abrasions			after the fall		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cut=Patient

Example 6

Wind blowing sand causes abrasion in deserts.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 causes	nsubj
2	blowing	blow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Wind	acl
3	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 blowing	obj
4	causes	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 causes	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 deserts	case
7	deserts	desert	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 causes	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 causes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	blow	gerund	Wind not said here	sand					vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent sand=Patient
2	cause	present	Wind	abrasion		deserts			vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition abrasion=Patient

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/abrasion/