abstract

Who acts: you, idea, Happiness, painting, Bravery, experiment · What happens: be, feel, touch, see, not show, use · To what, where: idea, thing, real things, shapes, science article, something · Speech: someone speaks here

«abstract» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abstract in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

Being an idea or feeling rather than a thing you can touch or see: love, fairness and time are abstract.

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 idea	cop
2	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 idea	det
3	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 abstract	nsubj
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 feeling	cc
5	feeling	feel	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 idea	conj
6	rather	rather	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	9 thing	cc
7	than	than	ADP	_	6 rather	fixed
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 thing	det
9	thing	thing	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 feeling	obj
10	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	12 touch	nsubj
11	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 touch	aux
12	touch	touch	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 thing	acl:relcl
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 see	cc
14	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 touch	conj
15	:	:	PUNCT	_	16 love	punct
16	love	love	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 abstract	nsubj
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 fairness	punct
18	fairness	fairness	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 love	conj
19	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 time	cc
20	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 fairness	conj
21	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 abstract	cop
22	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	22 abstract	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	gerund		a idea		tree rules
2	feel	gerund		a thing		vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme
3	touch	can	you	a thing not said here		vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme thing=Co-Theme
4	see	infinitive	you not said here			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
5	is	present	a idea		abstract property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: art — kept apart, not parsed.

Not showing real things but using shapes, colours and lines: an abstract painting.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	2 showing	advmod
2	showing	show	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 things	amod
4	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 showing	obj
5	but	but	CCONJ	_	6 using	cc
6	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 showing	conj
7	shapes	shape	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 using	obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 colours	punct
9	colours	colour	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 shapes	conj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 lines	cc
11	lines	line	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 shapes	conj
12	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 showing	punct
13	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 painting	det
14	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 painting	amod
15	painting	painting	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 showing	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 showing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not show	gerund		real things					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent thing=Recipient painting=Topic
2	use	gerund		shapes and colours and lines					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Patient

Meaning 3

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A short summary at the start of a science article or report.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 summary	det
2	short	short	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 summary	amod
3	summary	summary	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	6 start	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 start	det
6	start	start	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 summary	nmod
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 article	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 article	det
9	science	science	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 article	compound
10	article	article	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 start	nmod
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 report	cc
12	report	report	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 article	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 summary	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	start			a science article or report					nom start «event transitive»: of=patient

Meaning 4

Usage: verb, formal — kept apart, not parsed.

To take something out, or to pick out the main ideas.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 take	mark
2	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 pick	advcl
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 take	obj
4	out	out	ADP	_	2 take	compound:prt
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 pick	punct
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	8 pick	cc
7	to	to	PART	_	8 pick	mark
8	pick	pick	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	out	out	ADP	_	8 pick	compound:prt
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 ideas	det
11	main	main	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 ideas	amod
12	ideas	idea	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 pick	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 pick	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take out	to-infinitive		something					vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
2	pick out	to-infinitive		the main ideas					vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Patient

Example 1

"Happiness" is an abstract noun.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Happiness	punct
2	Happiness	happiness	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 noun	nsubj
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Happiness	punct
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 noun	cop
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 noun	det
6	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 noun	amod
7	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 noun	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Happiness	a abstract noun					tree rules

Example 2

The painting was abstract: just red squares and blue lines.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 painting	det
2	painting	painting	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 abstract	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 abstract	cop
4	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 squares	punct
6	just	just	ADV	_	8 squares	advmod
7	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 squares	amod
8	squares	square	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 abstract	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 lines	cc
10	blue	blue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 lines	amod
11	lines	line	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 squares	conj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 abstract	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the painting					red squares and blue lines obl; abstract property	tree rules

Example 3

Bravery is abstract; you can't hold it in your hand.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bravery	bravery	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 abstract	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 abstract	cop
3	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	;	;	PUNCT	_	8 hold	punct
5	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 hold	nsubj
6	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 hold	aux
7	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	8 hold	advmod
8	hold	hold	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 abstract	conj
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 hold	obj
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 hand	case
11	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 hand	nmod:poss
12	hand	hand	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hold	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 abstract	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Bravery					abstract property	tree rules
2	not hold	can	you	Bravery		your hand			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent it=Theme in hand=Location

Example 4

Read the abstract to see what the experiment found.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Read	read	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 abstract	det
3	abstract	abstract	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Read	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 see	mark
5	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Read	advcl
6	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	9 found	obj
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 experiment	det
8	experiment	experiment	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 found	nsubj
9	found	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 see	ccomp
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Read	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	read	imperative	you not said here	the abstract	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent abstract=Topic
2	see	to-infinitive	you not said here		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
3	find	past	the experiment		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic

Example 5

Fractions felt very abstract until we used pizza slices.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Fractions	fraction	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 felt	nsubj
2	felt	feel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	very	very	ADV	_	4 abstract	advmod
4	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 felt	xcomp
5	until	until	SCONJ	_	7 used	mark
6	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 used	nsubj
7	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 felt	advcl
8	pizza	pizza	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 slices	compound
9	slices	slice	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 used	obj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 felt	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	feel	past	Fractions					abstract property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
2	use	past	we	pizza slices					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slice=Patient

Example 6

We made abstract art with splashes of paint.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 made	nsubj
2	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 art	amod
4	art	art	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 made	obj
5	with	with	ADP	_	6 splashes	case
6	splashes	splash	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 made	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 paint	case
8	paint	paint	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 splashes	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	We	abstract art				with splashes of paint	vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent art=Product
2	splash		paint						nom splash «event intransitive»: of=agent

Example 7

"Chair" is concrete, but "comfort" is abstract.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Chair	punct
2	Chair	chair	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 concrete	nsubj
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Chair	punct
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 concrete	cop
5	concrete	concrete	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 abstract	punct
7	but	but	CCONJ	_	12 abstract	cc
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	9 comfort	punct
9	comfort	comfort	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 abstract	nsubj
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	9 comfort	punct
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 abstract	cop
12	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 concrete	acl:relcl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 concrete	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Chair	concrete					tree rules
2	is	present	comfort	concrete not said here				abstract property	tree rules

Example 8

[239] Kruchina, as an abstract idea, is of the feminine gender.

The tree, 11 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	[	[	PUNCT	_	2 239	punct
2	239	239	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root
3	]	]	PUNCT	_	2 239	punct
4	Kruchina	Kruchina	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 gender	nsubj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 idea	punct
6	as	as	ADP	_	9 idea	case
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 idea	det
8	abstract	abstract	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 idea	amod
9	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 Kruchina	appos
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 Kruchina	punct
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 gender	cop
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 gender	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 gender	det
14	feminine	feminine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 gender	amod
15	gender	gender	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 239	acl:relcl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 239	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Kruchina					of the feminine gender	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/A/abstract/