abutment Who acts: abutment, arch, two things, stone abutments, Floodwater, we · What happens: be, hold up, take, touch, join, damage · To what, where: strong structure, abutment, weight, place, ends, bridge
«abutment» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abutment in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 An abutment is a strong structure of stone, concrete or brick at each end of a bridge or arch that holds it up and takes its weight.
The tree, 27 words det nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct conj cc conj case det nmod case det nmod cc conj nsubj acl:relcl obj compound:prt cc conj nmod:poss obj punct root An DET abutment NOUN is AUX a DET strong ADJ structure NOUN of ADP stone NOUN , PUNCT concrete NOUN or CCONJ brick NOUN at ADP each DET end NOUN of ADP a DET bridge NOUN or CCONJ arch NOUN that PRON holds VERB it PRON up ADP and CCONJ takes VERB its PRON weight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 abutment det 2 abutment abutment NOUN Number=Sing 6 structure nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 structure cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 structure det 5 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 6 structure amod 6 structure structure NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 stone case 8 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 6 structure nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 concrete punct 10 concrete concrete NOUN Number=Sing 6 structure conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 brick cc 12 brick brick NOUN Number=Sing 10 concrete conj 13 at at ADP _ 15 end case 14 each each DET PronType=Tot 15 end det 15 end end NOUN Number=Sing 10 concrete nmod 16 of of ADP _ 18 bridge case 17 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 bridge det 18 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 15 end nmod 19 or or CCONJ _ 20 arch cc 20 arch arch NOUN Number=Sing 18 bridge conj 21 that that PRON PronType=Rel 22 holds nsubj 22 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 20 arch acl:relcl 23 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 holds obj 24 up up ADP _ 22 holds compound:prt 25 and and CCONJ _ 26 takes cc 26 takes take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 22 holds conj 27 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 28 weight nmod:poss 28 weight weight NOUN Number=Sing 26 takes obj 29 . . PUNCT _ 6 structure punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a abutment a strong structure and concrete at each end of a bridge or arch or brick of stone tree rules 2 hold up present arch abutment vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot it=Theme 3 take present arch not said here abutment's weight vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weight=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 An abutment is also the place where two things touch or join.
det nsubj cop advmod det advmod nummod nsubj acl:relcl cc conj punct root An DET abutment NOUN is AUX also ADV the DET place NOUN where ADV two NUM things NOUN touch VERB or CCONJ join VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 abutment det 2 abutment abutment NOUN Number=Sing 6 place nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 place cop 4 also also ADV _ 6 place advmod 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 place det 6 place place NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 where where ADV PronType=Rel 10 touch advmod 8 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 things nummod 9 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 10 touch nsubj 10 touch touch VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 place acl:relcl 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 join cc 12 join join VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 touch conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 place punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a abutment the place tree rules 2 touch present two things vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 join present two things not said here vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
Example 1 The stone abutments hold up both ends of the bridge.
det compound nsubj compound:prt det obj case det nmod punct root The DET stone NOUN abutments NOUN hold VERB up ADP both DET ends NOUN of ADP the DET bridge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 abutments det 2 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 3 abutments compound 3 abutments abutment NOUN Number=Plur 4 hold nsubj 4 hold hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 up up ADP _ 4 hold compound:prt 6 both both DET PronType=Tot 7 ends det 7 ends end NOUN Number=Plur 4 hold obj 8 of of ADP _ 10 bridge case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 bridge det 10 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 7 ends nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 hold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold up present the stone abutments both ends of the bridge vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot end=Theme
Example 2 Floodwater damaged the abutment, so the bridge was closed.
nsubj det obj punct advmod det nsubj:pass aux:pass conj punct root Floodwater PROPN damaged VERB the DET abutment NOUN , PUNCT so ADV the DET bridge NOUN was AUX closed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Floodwater Floodwater PROPN Number=Sing 2 damaged nsubj 2 damaged damage VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 abutment det 4 abutment abutment NOUN Number=Sing 2 damaged obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 10 closed punct 6 so so ADV _ 10 closed advmod 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 bridge det 8 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 10 closed nsubj:pass 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 closed aux:pass 10 closed close VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 damaged conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 damaged punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 damage past Floodwater the abutment vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent abutment=Patient 2 close past · passive the bridge vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 3 An arch pushes outwards, so it needs strong abutments.
det nsubj advmod punct advmod nsubj advcl amod obj punct root An DET arch NOUN pushes VERB outwards ADV , PUNCT so ADV it PRON needs VERB strong ADJ abutments NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 arch det 2 arch arch NOUN Number=Sing 3 pushes nsubj 3 pushes push VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 outwards outwards ADV _ 3 pushes advmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 needs punct 6 so so ADV _ 8 needs advmod 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 needs nsubj 8 needs need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 pushes advcl 9 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 10 abutments amod 10 abutments abutment NOUN Number=Plur 8 needs obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 pushes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 push present a arch outwards property vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 2 need present arch strong abutments vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot abutment=Theme
Example 4 In our bridge project, we used blocks as abutments.
case nmod:poss compound obl punct nsubj obj case obl punct root In ADP our PRON bridge NOUN project NOUN , PUNCT we PRON used VERB blocks NOUN as ADP abutments NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 4 project case 2 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 project nmod:poss 3 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 4 project compound 4 project project NOUN Number=Sing 7 used obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 project punct 6 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 used nsubj 7 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 blocks block NOUN Number=Plur 7 used obj 9 as as ADP _ 10 abutments case 10 abutments abutment NOUN Number=Plur 7 used obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past we blocks our bridge project as abutments vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent block=Duration as abutment=Attribute 2 project our nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 The old Roman bridge still rests on its original abutments.
det amod amod nsubj advmod case nmod:poss amod obl punct root The DET old ADJ Roman ADJ bridge NOUN still ADV rests VERB on ADP its PRON original ADJ abutments NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bridge det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 bridge amod 3 Roman roman ADJ Degree=Pos 4 bridge amod 4 bridge bridge NOUN Number=Sing 6 rests nsubj 5 still still ADV _ 6 rests advmod 6 rests rest VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 on on ADP _ 10 abutments case 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 abutments nmod:poss 9 original original ADJ Degree=Pos 10 abutments amod 10 abutments abutment NOUN Number=Plur 6 rests obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 rests punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rest present the old Roman bridge bridge's original abutments still vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on abutment=Location
Example 6 Engineers checked the abutments for cracks.
nsubj det obj case obl punct root Engineers NOUN checked VERB the DET abutments NOUN for ADP cracks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Engineers engineer NOUN Number=Plur 2 checked nsubj 2 checked check VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 abutments det 4 abutments abutment NOUN Number=Plur 2 checked obj 5 for for ADP _ 6 cracks case 6 cracks crack NOUN Number=Plur 2 checked obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 checked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 check past Engineers the abutments for cracks vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent abutment=Theme for crack=Attribute
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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