affirm Who acts: it, higher court, court, decision, witness, teacher · What happens: affirm, be, encourage, tell, value, swear · To what, where: something, person, them, they, truth, court · Speech: someone speaks here
«affirm» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: affirm in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To affirm something is to say firmly and clearly that it is true.
mark advcl obj cop mark advmod cc advmod mark nsubj cop conj punct root To PART affirm VERB something PRON is AUX to PART say VERB firmly ADV and CCONJ clearly ADV that SCONJ it PRON is AUX true ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 affirm mark 2 affirm affirm VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 say advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 affirm obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 say cop 5 to to PART _ 6 say mark 6 say say VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 firmly firmly ADV _ 6 say advmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 13 true cc 9 clearly clearly ADV _ 13 true advmod 10 that that SCONJ _ 13 true mark 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 true nsubj 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 true cop 13 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 7 firmly conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 say punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm to-infinitive something vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus 2 is present firmly, say property tree rules 3 is present it clearly, true property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To affirm a person is to support and encourage them, telling them they are valued.
The tree, 15 words mark advcl det obj cop mark cc conj obj punct advcl iobj nsubj aux:pass ccomp punct root To PART affirm VERB a DET person NOUN is AUX to PART support VERB and CCONJ encourage VERB them PRON , PUNCT telling VERB them PRON they PRON are AUX valued VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 affirm mark 2 affirm affirm VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 support advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 person det 4 person person NOUN Number=Sing 2 affirm obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 support cop 6 to to PART _ 7 support mark 7 support support VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 encourage cc 9 encourage encourage VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 7 support conj 10 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 encourage obj 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 telling punct 12 telling tell VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 encourage advcl 13 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 telling iobj 14 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 valued nsubj 15 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 valued aux:pass 16 valued value VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 telling ccomp 17 . . PUNCT _ 7 support punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm to-infinitive a person vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer person=Stimulus 2 is present support property tree rules 3 encourage infinitive them = they vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme 4 tell speech: assert gerund them = they vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clause=Topic 5 value present · passive they vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus
Meaning 3 Usage: law, formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To affirm is to make a solemn promise to tell the truth in court without swearing on a holy book.
The tree, 20 words mark csubj cop mark det amod obj mark acl det obj case obl mark advcl case det amod obl punct root To PART affirm VERB is AUX to PART make VERB a DET solemn ADJ promise NOUN to PART tell VERB the DET truth NOUN in ADP court NOUN without SCONJ swearing VERB on ADP a DET holy ADJ book NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 affirm mark 2 affirm affirm VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 make csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 make cop 4 to to PART _ 5 make mark 5 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 promise det 7 solemn solemn ADJ Degree=Pos 8 promise amod 8 promise promise NOUN Number=Sing 5 make obj 9 to to PART _ 10 tell mark 10 tell tell VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 promise acl 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 truth det 12 truth truth NOUN Number=Sing 10 tell obj 13 in in ADP _ 14 court case 14 court court NOUN Number=Sing 10 tell obl 15 without without SCONJ _ 16 swearing mark 16 swearing swear VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 tell advcl 17 on on ADP _ 20 book case 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 book det 19 holy holy ADJ Degree=Pos 20 book amod 20 book book NOUN Number=Sing 16 swearing obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 5 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm to-infinitive vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 2 is present make property tree rules 3 tell speech: assert to-infinitive the truth court vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient 4 swear gerund a holy book vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
A higher court affirms a decision when it agrees that the decision was right.
The tree, 14 words det amod nsubj det obj mark nsubj advcl mark det nsubj cop advcl punct root A DET higher ADJ court NOUN affirms VERB a DET decision NOUN when SCONJ it PRON agrees VERB that SCONJ the DET decision NOUN was AUX right ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 court det 2 higher high ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 court amod 3 court court NOUN Number=Sing 4 affirms nsubj 4 affirms affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 decision det 6 decision decision NOUN Number=Sing 4 affirms obj 7 when when SCONJ _ 9 agrees mark 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 agrees nsubj 9 agrees agree VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 affirms advcl 10 that that SCONJ _ 14 right mark 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 decision det 12 decision decision NOUN Number=Sing 14 right nsubj 13 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 14 right cop 14 right right ADJ Degree=Pos 9 agrees advcl 15 . . PUNCT _ 4 affirms punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm present a higher court a decision vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer decision=Stimulus 2 agree speech: agree present court vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is past the decision right property tree rules
Example 1 The witness affirmed that she had seen the car.
det nsubj mark nsubj aux advcl det obj punct root The DET witness NOUN affirmed VERB that SCONJ she PRON had AUX seen VERB the DET car NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 witness det 2 witness witness NOUN Number=Sing 3 affirmed nsubj 3 affirmed affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 7 seen mark 5 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 seen nsubj 6 had have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 seen aux 7 seen see VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 affirmed advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 car det 9 car car NOUN Number=Sing 7 seen obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 affirmed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm past the witness vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 2 see past · perfect witness the car vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer car=Stimulus
Example 2 Our teacher affirmed that the answer was correct.
nmod:poss nsubj mark det nsubj cop ccomp punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN affirmed VERB that SCONJ the DET answer NOUN was AUX correct ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 affirmed nsubj 3 affirmed affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 8 correct mark 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 answer det 6 answer answer NOUN Number=Sing 8 correct nsubj 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 correct cop 8 correct correct ADJ Degree=Pos 3 affirmed ccomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 affirmed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm past Our teacher vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 2 is past the answer correct property tree rules
Example 3 Saying «You worked so hard» affirms your friend's effort.
csubj punct nsubj ccomp advmod advmod punct nmod:poss nmod:poss case obj punct root Saying VERB « PUNCT You PRON worked VERB so ADV hard ADV » PUNCT affirms VERB your PRON friend NOUN 's PART effort NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 affirms csubj 2 « « PUNCT _ 4 worked punct 3 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 worked nsubj 4 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 1 Saying ccomp 5 so so ADV _ 6 hard advmod 6 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 4 worked advmod 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 worked punct 8 affirms affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 friend nmod:poss 10 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 12 effort nmod:poss 11 's 's PART _ 10 friend case 12 effort effort NOUN Number=Sing 8 affirms obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 8 affirms punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert gerund vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 work in a quote past You hard property vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 affirm present Saying your friend's effort vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer effort=Stimulus
Example 4 In court, he chose to affirm rather than swear on the Bible.
case obl punct nsubj mark xcomp cc fixed conj case det obl punct root In ADP court NOUN , PUNCT he PRON chose VERB to PART affirm VERB rather ADV than ADP swear VERB on ADP the DET Bible PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 court case 2 court court NOUN Number=Sing 5 chose obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 court punct 4 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 chose nsubj 5 chose choose VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 7 affirm mark 7 affirm affirm VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 chose xcomp 8 rather rather ADV ExtPos=CCONJ 10 swear cc 9 than than ADP _ 8 rather fixed 10 swear swear VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 affirm conj 11 on on ADP _ 13 Bible case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 Bible det 13 Bible Bible PROPN Number=Sing 10 swear obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 chose punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 choose past he court tree rules 2 affirm to-infinitive he not said here vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 3 swear infinitive he not said here the Bible vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Example 5 The church members affirmed their faith by saying the creed together.
det compound nsubj nmod:poss obj mark advcl det obj advmod punct root The DET church NOUN members NOUN affirmed VERB their PRON faith NOUN by SCONJ saying VERB the DET creed NOUN together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 members det 2 church church NOUN Number=Sing 3 members compound 3 members member NOUN Number=Plur 4 affirmed nsubj 4 affirmed affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 faith nmod:poss 6 faith faith NOUN Number=Sing 4 affirmed obj 7 by by SCONJ _ 8 saying mark 8 saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 affirmed advcl 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 creed det 10 creed creed NOUN Number=Sing 8 saying obj 11 together together ADV _ 8 saying advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 affirmed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm past the church members members's faith vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer faith=Stimulus 2 say speech: assert gerund the church members not said here the creed together property vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent creed=Topic
Example 6 The higher court affirmed the judge's decision.
det amod nsubj det nmod:poss case obj punct root The DET higher ADJ court NOUN affirmed VERB the DET judge NOUN 's PART decision NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 court det 2 higher high ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 court amod 3 court court NOUN Number=Sing 4 affirmed nsubj 4 affirmed affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 judge det 6 judge judge NOUN Number=Sing 8 decision nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 judge case 8 decision decision NOUN Number=Sing 4 affirmed obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 affirmed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 affirm past the higher court the judge's decision vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer decision=Stimulus 2 decide the judge nom decision «act transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 Write three sentences that affirm what you are good at.
nummod obj nsubj acl:relcl obl nsubj cop ccomp case punct root Write VERB three NUM sentences NOUN that PRON affirm VERB what PRON you PRON are AUX good ADJ at ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Write write VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 3 sentences nummod 3 sentences sentence NOUN Number=Plur 1 Write obj 4 that that PRON PronType=Rel 5 affirm nsubj 5 affirm affirm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 sentences acl:relcl 6 what what PRON PronType=Rel 9 good obl 7 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 9 good nsubj 8 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 good cop 9 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 5 affirm ccomp 10 at at ADP _ 9 good case 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Write punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write imperative you not said here three sentences vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sentence=Theme 2 affirm present three sentences vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 3 is present you good property tree rules
Example 8 “And I am that man,” his companion affirmed.
punct cc nsubj cop det punct punct nmod:poss nmod acl punct root “ PUNCT And CCONJ I PRON am AUX that DET man NOUN , PUNCT ” PUNCT his PRON companion NOUN affirmed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 6 man punct 2 And and CCONJ _ 6 man cc 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 man nsubj 4 am be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 man cop 5 that that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 man det 6 man man NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 man punct 8 ” " PUNCT _ 6 man punct 9 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 companion nmod:poss 10 companion companion NOUN Number=Sing 6 man nmod 11 affirmed affirm VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 companion acl 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 man punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present I that man man's companion nmod tree rules 2 affirm participle man's companion not said here vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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