afrikaans Who acts: Afrikaans, Dankie, word, friend, We · What happens: be, speak, grow, bring, mean, thank · To what, where: language, South Africa, Dutch, 1600s, one, you · Speech: someone speaks here
«afrikaans» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: afrikaans in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia. It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages.
Sentence 1: Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia.
nsubj cop det acl case compound obl cc conj punct root Afrikaans NOUN is AUX a DET language NOUN spoken VERB in ADP South PROPN Africa PROPN and CCONJ Namibia PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Afrikaans afrikaans NOUN Number=Sing 4 language nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 language cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 language det 4 language language NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 spoken speak VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 language acl 6 in in ADP _ 8 Africa case 7 South South PROPN Number=Sing 8 Africa compound 8 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 5 spoken obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 Namibia cc 10 Namibia Namibia PROPN Number=Sing 8 Africa conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 language punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Afrikaans a language tree rules 2 speak speech: other participle a language not said here South Africa and Namibia vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages.
The tree, 19 words nsubj case obl xcomp case obl:agent case det obl punct case obl case nmod punct conj punct conj cc amod conj punct root It PRON grew VERB from ADP Dutch PROPN brought VERB by ADP settlers NOUN in ADP the DET 1600s NOUN , PUNCT with ADP words NOUN from ADP Malay PROPN , PUNCT Portuguese ADJ , PUNCT Khoekhoe PROPN and CCONJ other ADJ languages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 grew nsubj 2 grew grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from ADP _ 4 Dutch case 4 Dutch Dutch PROPN Number=Sing 2 grew obl 5 brought bring VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 grew xcomp 6 by by ADP _ 7 settlers case 7 settlers settler NOUN Number=Plur 5 brought obl:agent 8 in in ADP _ 10 1600s case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 1600s det 10 1600s 1600 NOUN Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card 5 brought obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 words punct 12 with with ADP _ 13 words case 13 words word NOUN Number=Plur 2 grew obl 14 from from ADP _ 15 Malay case 15 Malay Malay PROPN Number=Sing 13 words nmod 16 , , PUNCT _ 17 Portuguese punct 17 Portuguese portuguese ADJ Degree=Pos 15 Malay conj 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 Khoekhoe punct 19 Khoekhoe Khoekhoe PROPN Number=Sing 15 Malay conj 20 and and CCONJ _ 22 languages cc 21 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 22 languages amod 22 languages language NOUN Number=Plur 15 Malay conj 23 . . PUNCT _ 2 grew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow past Afrikaans Dutch with words from Malay and Khoekhoe and other languages tree rules 2 bring participle Afrikaans not said here the 1600s vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent
Example 1 Afrikaans is one of South Africa's official languages.
nsubj cop case compound nmod:poss case amod nmod punct root Afrikaans NOUN is AUX one NUM of ADP South PROPN Africa PROPN 's PART official ADJ languages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Afrikaans afrikaans NOUN Number=Sing 3 one nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 one cop 3 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card root root 4 of of ADP _ 9 languages case 5 South South PROPN Number=Sing 6 Africa compound 6 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 9 languages nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 Africa case 8 official official ADJ Degree=Pos 9 languages amod 9 languages language NOUN Number=Plur 3 one nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 one punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Afrikaans one of South Africa's official languages tree rules
Example 2 «Dankie» means «thank you» in Afrikaans.
punct nsubj punct punct ccomp obj punct case obl punct root « PUNCT Dankie PROPN » PUNCT means VERB « PUNCT thank VERB you PRON » PUNCT in ADP Afrikaans PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Dankie punct 2 Dankie Dankie PROPN Number=Sing 4 means nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Dankie punct 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 thank punct 6 thank thank VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 means ccomp 7 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 6 thank obj 8 » » PUNCT _ 6 thank punct 9 in in ADP _ 10 Afrikaans case 10 Afrikaans Afrikaans PROPN Number=Sing 6 thank obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Dankie vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 thank speech: thank in a quote present you Afrikaans vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme
Example 3 The word «aardvark» comes from Afrikaans and means «earth pig».
The tree, 10 words det nsubj punct appos punct case obl cc conj punct compound obj punct punct root The DET word NOUN « PUNCT aardvark NOUN » PUNCT comes VERB from ADP Afrikaans PROPN and CCONJ means VERB « PUNCT earth NOUN pig NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 word det 2 word word NOUN Number=Sing 6 comes nsubj 3 « « PUNCT _ 4 aardvark punct 4 aardvark aardvark NOUN Number=Sing 2 word appos 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 aardvark punct 6 comes come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 from from ADP _ 8 Afrikaans case 8 Afrikaans Afrikaans PROPN Number=Sing 6 comes obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 means cc 10 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 comes conj 11 « « PUNCT _ 13 pig punct 12 earth earth NOUN Number=Sing 13 pig compound 13 pig pig NOUN Number=Sing 10 means obj 14 » » PUNCT _ 13 pig punct 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 comes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come present the word Afrikaans vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from afrikaans=Initial_Location 2 mean present the word not said here earth pig vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pig=Topic
Example 4 My friend from Cape Town speaks English and Afrikaans.
nmod:poss nsubj case compound nmod obj cc conj punct root My PRON friend NOUN from ADP Cape PROPN Town PROPN speaks VERB English PROPN and CCONJ Afrikaans PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 friend nmod:poss 2 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 6 speaks nsubj 3 from from ADP _ 5 Town case 4 Cape Cape PROPN Number=Sing 5 Town compound 5 Town Town PROPN Number=Sing 2 friend nmod 6 speaks speak VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 English English PROPN Number=Sing 6 speaks obj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 Afrikaans cc 9 Afrikaans Afrikaans PROPN Number=Sing 7 English conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 speaks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other present My friend from Cape Town English and Afrikaans tree rules
Example 5 Afrikaans is closely related to Dutch.
nsubj cop advmod case obl punct root Afrikaans NOUN is AUX closely ADV related ADJ to ADP Dutch ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Afrikaans afrikaans NOUN Number=Sing 4 related nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 related cop 3 closely closely ADV _ 4 related advmod 4 related related ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 to to ADP _ 6 Dutch case 6 Dutch dutch ADJ Degree=Pos 4 related obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 related punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Afrikaans to Dutch; closely, related property tree rules
Example 6 We listened to a song in Afrikaans.
nsubj case det obl case obl punct root We PRON listened VERB to ADP a DET song NOUN in ADP Afrikaans PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 listened nsubj 2 listened listen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to ADP _ 5 song case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 song det 5 song song NOUN Number=Sing 2 listened obl 6 in in ADP _ 7 Afrikaans case 7 Afrikaans Afrikaans PROPN Number=Sing 2 listened obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 listened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 listen past We Afrikaans to a song vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to song=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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