aloft Who acts: air, captain, winner, Warm air, eagle, Sailors · What happens: stay, hold up, hold, keep, flap, climb · To what, where: cup, trophy, air balloon, wings, sail, torch
«aloft» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: aloft in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Up in the air or high above the ground: the kite stayed aloft for an hour.
The tree, 16 words advmod case det nsubj cc conj case det obl punct det nsubj xcomp case det obl punct root Up ADV in ADP the DET air NOUN or CCONJ high ADJ above ADP the DET ground NOUN : PUNCT the DET kite NOUN stayed VERB aloft ADJ for ADP an DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Up up ADV _ 4 air advmod 2 in in ADP _ 4 air case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 air det 4 air air NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed nsubj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 high cc 6 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 4 air conj 7 above above ADP _ 9 ground case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 ground det 9 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 6 high obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 13 stayed punct 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 kite det 12 kite kite NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed nsubj 13 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 14 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 13 stayed xcomp 15 for for ADP _ 17 hour case 16 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 hour det 17 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 13 stayed obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 13 stayed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay past the air hour aloft property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Held up high: the captain held the cup aloft.
advcl compound:prt advmod punct det nsubj det obj xcomp punct root Held VERB up ADP high ADV : PUNCT the DET captain NOUN held VERB the DET cup NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Held hold VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 held advcl 2 up up ADP _ 1 Held compound:prt 3 high high ADV Degree=Pos 1 Held advmod 4 : : PUNCT _ 7 held punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 captain det 6 captain captain NOUN Number=Sing 7 held nsubj 7 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cup det 9 cup cup NOUN Number=Sing 7 held obj 10 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 7 held xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold up participle the captain not said here high property vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot 2 hold past the captain the cup aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Theme
Meaning 3 Usage: on ships — kept apart, not parsed.
Up in the masts and sails.
advmod case det cc conj punct root Up ADV in ADP the DET masts NOUN and CCONJ sails NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Up up ADV _ 4 masts advmod 2 in in ADP _ 4 masts case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 masts det 4 masts mast NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 sails cc 6 sails sail NOUN Number=Plur 4 masts conj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 masts punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 The winner held the trophy aloft.
det nsubj det obj xcomp punct root The DET winner NOUN held VERB the DET trophy NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 winner det 2 winner winner NOUN Number=Sing 3 held nsubj 3 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 trophy det 5 trophy trophy NOUN Number=Sing 3 held obj 6 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 held xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold past the winner the trophy aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trophy=Theme
Example 2 Warm air keeps the hot-air balloon aloft.
amod nsubj det amod punct compound obj xcomp punct root Warm ADJ air NOUN keeps VERB the DET hot ADJ - PUNCT air NOUN balloon NOUN aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Warm warm ADJ Degree=Pos 2 air amod 2 air air NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps nsubj 3 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 balloon det 5 hot hot ADJ Degree=Pos 7 air amod 6 - - PUNCT _ 5 hot punct 7 air air NOUN Number=Sing 8 balloon compound 8 balloon balloon NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps obj 9 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 keeps xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 keeps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present Warm air the air balloon aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balloon=Theme
Example 3 The eagle stayed aloft without flapping its wings.
det nsubj xcomp mark advcl nmod:poss obj punct root The DET eagle NOUN stayed VERB aloft ADJ without SCONJ flapping VERB its PRON wings NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 eagle det 2 eagle eagle NOUN Number=Sing 3 stayed nsubj 3 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 3 stayed xcomp 5 without without SCONJ _ 6 flapping mark 6 flapping flap VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 stayed advcl 7 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 wings nmod:poss 8 wings wing NOUN Number=Plur 6 flapping obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 stayed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay past the eagle aloft property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 flap gerund the eagle not said here eagle's wings vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient
Example 4 Sailors climbed aloft to fix the sail.
nsubj xcomp mark advcl det obj punct root Sailors NOUN climbed VERB aloft ADJ to PART fix VERB the DET sail NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sailors sailor NOUN Number=Plur 2 climbed nsubj 2 climbed climb VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 2 climbed xcomp 4 to to PART _ 5 fix mark 5 fix fix VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 climbed advcl 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sail det 7 sail sail NOUN Number=Sing 5 fix obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 climbed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 climb past Sailors aloft property vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 fix to-infinitive Sailors not said here the sail vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent sail=Patient
Example 5 The kite was aloft for nearly an hour.
det nsubj cop case advmod det obl punct root The DET kite NOUN was AUX aloft ADJ for ADP nearly ADV an DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 kite det 2 kite kite NOUN Number=Sing 4 aloft nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 aloft cop 4 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 for for ADP _ 8 hour case 6 nearly nearly ADV _ 8 hour advmod 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 hour det 8 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 4 aloft obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 aloft punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the kite hour aloft property tree rules
Example 6 She held the torch aloft so we could see.
nsubj det obj xcomp mark nsubj aux advcl punct root She PRON held VERB the DET torch NOUN aloft ADJ so SCONJ we PRON could AUX see VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 held nsubj 2 held hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 torch det 4 torch torch NOUN Number=Sing 2 held obj 5 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 2 held xcomp 6 so so SCONJ _ 9 see mark 7 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 see nsubj 8 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 see aux 9 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 held advcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold past She the torch aloft property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme 2 see could we vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 7 A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj obj punct cc punct advcl case obl case nmod:poss obl punct conj obj xcomp punct root A DET Hawk PROPN observed VERB it PRON , PUNCT and CCONJ , PUNCT pouncing VERB upon ADP it PRON with ADP his PRON talons NOUN , PUNCT carried VERB it PRON aloft ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 Hawk det 2 Hawk Hawk PROPN Number=Sing 3 observed nsubj 3 observed observe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 observed obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 15 carried punct 6 and and CCONJ _ 15 carried cc 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 and punct 8 pouncing pounce VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 carried advcl 9 upon upon ADP _ 10 it case 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 pouncing obl 11 with with ADP _ 13 talons case 12 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 talons nmod:poss 13 talons talon NOUN Number=Plur 8 pouncing obl 14 , , PUNCT _ 8 pouncing punct 15 carried carry VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 observed conj 16 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 carried obj 17 aloft aloft ADJ Degree=Pos 15 carried xcomp 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 observed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 observe past a Hawk it vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic 2 pounce gerund upon Hawk; with his talons vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon it=Trajectory 3 carry past a Hawk not said here Hawk aloft property vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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