alone Who acts: you, nobody, Sam, Mia, garden, Tom · What happens: mean, be, know, leave, not touch, bother · To what, where: one, secret, fence, 4 cookies, 50 dollars, 30 apples · Speech: someone speaks here
«alone» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: alone in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Alone means without anyone else: if you are alone, nobody is with you.
The tree, 13 words advmod case obl advmod punct mark nsubj cop conj punct nsubj cop case advcl punct root Alone ADV means VERB without ADP anyone PRON else ADV : PUNCT if SCONJ you PRON are AUX alone ADJ , PUNCT nobody PRON is AUX with ADP you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Alone alone ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 without without ADP _ 4 anyone case 4 anyone anyone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 means obl 5 else else ADV _ 4 anyone advmod 6 : : PUNCT _ 10 alone punct 7 if if SCONJ _ 10 alone mark 8 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 alone nsubj 9 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 alone cop 10 alone alone ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 you punct 12 nobody nobody PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 15 you nsubj 13 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 you cop 14 with with ADP _ 15 you case 15 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 alone advcl 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present without anyone; alone property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 is a condition, not said to happen present you alone property tree rules 3 is present nobody with you tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Alone means without help.
advmod case obl punct root Alone ADV means VERB without ADP help NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Alone alone ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 without without ADP _ 4 help case 4 help help NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obl 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present without help; alone property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 Alone means only, just that one: «You alone know the secret».
The tree, 11 words advmod advmod punct advmod det obj punct punct nsubj advmod parataxis det obj punct punct root Alone ADV means VERB only ADV , PUNCT just ADV that DET one NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT You PRON alone ADV know VERB the DET secret NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Alone alone ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 only only ADV _ 7 one advmod 4 , , PUNCT _ 7 one punct 5 just just ADV _ 7 one advmod 6 that that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 7 one det 7 one one NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obj 8 : : PUNCT _ 12 know punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 12 know punct 10 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 12 know nsubj 11 alone alone ADV _ 12 know advmod 12 know know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 means parataxis 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 secret det 14 secret secret NOUN Number=Sing 12 know obj 15 » » PUNCT _ 12 know punct 16 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present that one alone property tree rules 2 know in a quote present You the secret alone property vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer secret=Stimulus
Meaning 4 «Leave alone» means do not touch or bother.
punct csubj advmod punct aux advmod ccomp cc conj punct root « PUNCT Leave VERB alone ADV » PUNCT means VERB do AUX not PART touch VERB or CCONJ bother VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Leave punct 2 Leave leave VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means csubj 3 alone alone ADV _ 2 Leave advmod 4 » » PUNCT _ 2 Leave punct 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 8 touch aux 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 touch advmod 8 touch touch VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means ccomp 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 bother cc 10 bother bother VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 touch conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave in a quote infinitive alone property vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 not touch infinitive · do-support vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 bother infinitive vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Example 1 Sam alone can paint the fence in 6 hours.
nsubj advmod aux det obj case nummod obl punct root Sam PROPN alone ADV can AUX paint VERB the DET fence NOUN in ADP 6 NUM hours NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sam Sam PROPN Number=Sing 4 paint nsubj 2 alone alone ADV _ 1 Sam advmod 3 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 paint aux 4 paint paint VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 fence det 6 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 4 paint obj 7 in in ADP _ 9 hours case 8 6 6 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 9 hours nummod 9 hours hour NOUN Number=Plur 4 paint obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 paint punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 paint can Sam the fence hour vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent fence=Destination
Example 2 Mia ate 4 cookies alone.
nsubj nummod obj advmod punct root Mia PROPN ate VERB 4 NUM cookies NOUN alone ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mia Mia PROPN Number=Sing 2 ate nsubj 2 ate eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 cookies nummod 4 cookies cookie NOUN Number=Plur 2 ate obj 5 alone alone ADV _ 2 ate advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 ate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat past Mia 4 cookies alone property vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cookie=Patient
Example 3 The garden alone costs 50 dollars.
det nsubj advmod nummod obj punct root The DET garden NOUN alone ADV costs VERB 50 NUM dollars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 garden det 2 garden garden NOUN Number=Sing 4 costs nsubj 3 alone alone ADV _ 2 garden advmod 4 costs cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 50 50 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 dollars nummod 6 dollars dollar NOUN Number=Plur 4 costs obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 costs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present the garden 50 dollars vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme dollar=Value
Example 4 Working alone, Tom picks 30 apples an hour.
advcl advmod punct nsubj nummod obj det obj punct root Working VERB alone ADV , PUNCT Tom PROPN picks VERB 30 NUM apples NOUN an DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Working work VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 picks advcl 2 alone alone ADV _ 1 Working advmod 3 , , PUNCT _ 1 Working punct 4 Tom Tom PROPN Number=Sing 5 picks nsubj 5 picks pick VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 30 30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 apples nummod 7 apples apple NOUN Number=Plur 5 picks obj 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 hour det 9 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 5 picks obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 picks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work gerund Tom not said here alone property vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 pick present Tom 30 apples hour vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apple=Patient
Example 5 Leave the cat alone, it is sleeping.
det obj advmod punct nsubj aux parataxis punct root Leave VERB the DET cat NOUN alone ADV , PUNCT it PRON is AUX sleeping VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Leave leave VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 cat det 3 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 1 Leave obj 4 alone alone ADV _ 1 Leave advmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 sleeping punct 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 sleeping nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 sleeping aux 8 sleeping sleep VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 1 Leave parataxis 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Leave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave imperative you not said here the cat alone property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cat=Theme 2 sleep present · progressive cat vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 She walked home alone.
nsubj advmod advmod punct root She PRON walked VERB home ADV alone ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 walked nsubj 2 walked walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 home home ADV _ 2 walked advmod 4 alone alone ADV _ 2 walked advmod 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 walked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk past She alone, home property vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 You are not alone, we will help.
nsubj cop advmod punct nsubj aux conj punct root You PRON are AUX not PART alone ADJ , PUNCT we PRON will AUX help VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 alone nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 alone cop 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 alone advmod 4 alone alone ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 help punct 6 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 help nsubj 7 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 help aux 8 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 alone conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 alone punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is present You alone property tree rules 2 help future we vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Example 8 The old man lived alone.
det amod nsubj advmod punct root The DET old ADJ man NOUN lived VERB alone ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 man det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 man amod 3 man man NOUN Number=Sing 4 lived nsubj 4 lived live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 alone alone ADV _ 4 lived advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 lived punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 live past the old man alone property vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 9 Never swim alone.
advmod advmod punct root Never ADV swim VERB alone ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Never never ADV PronType=Neg 2 swim advmod 2 swim swim VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 alone alone ADV _ 2 swim advmod 4 . . PUNCT _ 2 swim punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not swim imperative you not said here alone property vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 10 He can't ride a bike, let alone drive a car.
nsubj aux advmod det obj punct conj advmod xcomp det obj punct root He PRON ca AUX n't PART ride VERB a DET bike NOUN , PUNCT let VERB alone ADV drive VERB a DET car NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 ride nsubj 2 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 ride aux 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 4 ride advmod 4 ride ride VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 bike det 6 bike bike NOUN Number=Sing 4 ride obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 let punct 8 let let VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 ride conj 9 alone alone ADV _ 8 let advmod 10 drive drive VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 let xcomp 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 car det 12 car car NOUN Number=Sing 10 drive obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 ride punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not ride can He a bike vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme 2 let infinitive He not said here alone property tree rules 3 drive infinitive He not said here a car vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme car=Trajectory
Example 11 Peter was alone on the lagoon.
nsubj cop advmod case det punct root Peter PROPN was AUX alone ADV on ADP the DET lagoon NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Peter Peter PROPN Number=Sing 6 lagoon nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 lagoon cop 3 alone alone ADV _ 6 lagoon advmod 4 on on ADP _ 6 lagoon case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 lagoon det 6 lagoon lagoon NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 lagoon punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past Peter the lagoon alone property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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