already Who acts: you, She, He, tank, I, it · What happens: mean, expect, be, read, have, arrive · To what, where: 40 pages, 12 stamps, 15 guests, 8 liters, lunch, times tables · Speech: someone speaks here
«already» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: already in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Already means before now, or before a certain time.
advmod case obl punct cc case det amod parataxis punct root Already ADV means VERB before ADP now ADV , PUNCT or CCONJ before ADP a DET certain ADJ time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Already already ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 before before ADP _ 4 now case 4 now now ADV PronType=Dem 2 means obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 10 time punct 6 or or CCONJ _ 10 time cc 7 before before ADP _ 10 time case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 time det 9 certain certain ADJ Degree=Pos 10 time amod 10 time time NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Already means sooner than expected: «Are you finished already?».
advmod advmod mark advcl punct punct cop nsubj conj advmod punct punct punct root Already ADV means VERB sooner ADV than SCONJ expected VERB : PUNCT « PUNCT Are AUX you PRON finished VERB already ADV ? PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Already already ADV _ 2 means advmod 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sooner soon ADV Degree=Cmp 2 means advmod 4 than than SCONJ _ 5 expected mark 5 expected expect VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 sooner advcl 6 : : PUNCT _ 2 means punct 7 « « PUNCT _ 10 finished punct 8 Are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 finished cop 9 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 10 finished nsubj 10 finished finish VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 means conj 11 already already ADV _ 10 finished advmod 12 ? ? PUNCT _ 10 finished punct 13 » » PUNCT _ 10 finished punct 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present soon property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 expect participle vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 is in a quote present you finish property tree rules
Example 1 She has already read 40 pages.
nsubj aux advmod nummod obj punct root She PRON has AUX already ADV read VERB 40 NUM pages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 read nsubj 2 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 read aux 3 already already ADV _ 4 read advmod 4 read read VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 40 40 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 pages nummod 6 pages page NOUN Number=Plur 4 read obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read present · perfect She 40 pages vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent page=Topic
Example 2 He already has 12 stamps.
nsubj advmod nummod obj punct root He PRON already ADV has VERB 12 NUM stamps NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 has nsubj 2 already already ADV _ 3 has advmod 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 stamps nummod 5 stamps stamp NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present He 12 stamps vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stamp=Patient
Example 3 15 guests have already arrived.
nummod nsubj:pass aux advmod punct root 15 NUM guests NOUN have AUX already ADV arrived VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 15 15 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 2 guests nummod 2 guests guest NOUN Number=Plur 5 arrived nsubj:pass 3 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 arrived aux 4 already already ADV _ 5 arrived advmod 5 arrived arrive VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 arrived punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 arrive present · perfect · passive 15 guests tree rules
Example 4 The tank already holds 8 liters.
det nsubj advmod nummod obj punct root The DET tank NOUN already ADV holds VERB 8 NUM liters NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 tank det 2 tank tank NOUN Number=Sing 4 holds nsubj 3 already already ADV _ 4 holds advmod 4 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 8 8 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 liters nummod 6 liters liter NOUN Number=Plur 4 holds obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 holds punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold present the tank 8 liters vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent liter=Theme
Example 5 I've already eaten lunch.
nsubj aux advmod obj punct root I PRON 've AUX already ADV eaten VERB lunch NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 eaten nsubj 2 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 eaten aux 3 already already ADV _ 4 eaten advmod 4 eaten eat VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 lunch lunch NOUN Number=Sing 4 eaten obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 eaten punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat present · perfect I lunch vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lunch=Patient
Example 6 Is it dark already?
cop nsubj advmod punct root Is AUX it PRON dark ADJ already ADV ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 dark cop 2 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 dark nsubj 3 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 already already ADV _ 3 dark advmod 5 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 dark punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present it dark property tree rules
Example 7 The bus has already left.
det nsubj aux advmod punct root The DET bus NOUN has AUX already ADV left VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bus det 2 bus bus NOUN Number=Sing 5 left nsubj 3 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 left aux 4 already already ADV _ 5 left advmod 5 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 left punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave present · perfect the bus vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 You're home already?
nsubj cop advmod punct root You PRON 're AUX home ADV already ADV ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 home nsubj 2 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 home cop 3 home home ADV _ root root 4 already already ADV _ 3 home advmod 5 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 home punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present You home property tree rules
Example 9 She already knew how to swim.
nsubj advmod advmod mark xcomp punct root She PRON already ADV knew VERB how ADV to PART swim VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 knew nsubj 2 already already ADV _ 3 knew advmod 3 knew know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 swim advmod 5 to to PART _ 6 swim mark 6 swim swim VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 knew xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 knew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 know past She vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 swim to-infinitive She not said here vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 10 We have already learned our times tables.
nsubj aux advmod nmod:poss compound obj punct root We PRON have AUX already ADV learned VERB our PRON times NOUN tables NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 learned nsubj 2 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 learned aux 3 already already ADV _ 4 learned advmod 4 learned learn VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 tables nmod:poss 6 times time NOUN Number=Plur 7 tables compound 7 tables table NOUN Number=Plur 4 learned obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn present · perfect We our times tables vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Topic
Example 11 "They're quite full already," answers Nicholas.
punct nsubj cop advmod advcl advmod punct punct obj punct root " PUNCT They PRON 're AUX quite ADV full ADJ already ADV , PUNCT " PUNCT answers VERB Nicholas PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 full punct 2 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 full nsubj 3 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 full cop 4 quite quite ADV _ 5 full advmod 5 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 9 answers advcl 6 already already ADV _ 5 full advmod 7 , , PUNCT _ 5 full punct 8 " " PUNCT _ 9 answers punct 9 answers answer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 10 Nicholas Nicholas PROPN Number=Sing 9 answers obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 9 answers punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is in a quote present They full property tree rules 2 answer speech: assert present Nicholas vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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