apartheid Who acts: Apartheid, early 1990s, white people, system, Black children, Nelson · What happens: be, keep, give, power, deny, use · To what, where: system, 1948, people, Black, Apartheid, groups · Speech: someone speaks here
«apartheid» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: apartheid in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Apartheid was a system of laws in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s that kept people apart by race and gave white people power and rights that Black and other people of colour were denied.
The tree, 37 words nsubj cop det case nmod case compound nmod case nmod case det amod nmod nsubj acl:relcl obj advmod case obl cc conj amod nsubj obj cc conj obj nsubj:pass cc amod conj case nmod aux:pass acl:relcl punct root Apartheid PROPN was AUX a DET system NOUN of ADP laws NOUN in ADP South PROPN Africa PROPN from ADP 1948 NUM to ADP the DET early ADJ 1990s NOUN that PRON kept VERB people NOUN apart ADV by ADP race NOUN and CCONJ gave VERB white ADJ people NOUN power NOUN and CCONJ rights NOUN that PRON Black PROPN and CCONJ other ADJ people NOUN of ADP colour NOUN were AUX denied VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Apartheid Apartheid PROPN Number=Sing 4 system nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 system cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 system det 4 system system NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 laws case 6 laws law NOUN Number=Plur 4 system nmod 7 in in ADP _ 9 Africa case 8 South South PROPN Number=Sing 9 Africa compound 9 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 6 laws nmod 10 from from ADP _ 11 1948 case 11 1948 1948 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 system nmod 12 to to ADP _ 15 1990s case 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 1990s det 14 early early ADJ Degree=Pos 15 1990s amod 15 1990s 1990s NOUN Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card 11 1948 nmod 16 that that PRON PronType=Rel 17 kept nsubj 17 kept keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 15 1990s acl:relcl 18 people people NOUN Number=Plur 17 kept obj 19 apart apart ADV _ 17 kept advmod 20 by by ADP _ 21 race case 21 race race NOUN Number=Sing 17 kept obl 22 and and CCONJ _ 23 gave cc 23 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 17 kept conj 24 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 25 people amod 25 people people NOUN Number=Plur 26 power nsubj 26 power power NOUN Number=Sing 23 gave obj 27 and and CCONJ _ 28 rights cc 28 rights right NOUN Number=Plur 26 power conj 29 that that PRON PronType=Rel 37 denied obj 30 Black Black PROPN Number=Sing 37 denied nsubj:pass 31 and and CCONJ _ 33 people cc 32 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 33 people amod 33 people people NOUN Number=Plur 30 Black conj 34 of of ADP _ 35 colour case 35 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 33 people nmod 36 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 37 denied aux:pass 37 denied deny VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 28 rights acl:relcl 38 . . PUNCT _ 4 system punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past Apartheid a system 1948 to the early 1990s of laws in South Africa tree rules 2 keep past the early 1990s people by race; apart property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent people=Theme by race=Location 3 give past the early 1990s not said here vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient 4 power white people tree rules 5 deny past · passive Black and other people of colour vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme that=Eventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Apartheid is also used for any system that separates and treats groups of people unequally by law.
The tree, 17 words nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod case det obl nsubj acl:relcl cc conj obj case nmod advmod case obl punct root Apartheid NOUN is AUX also ADV used VERB for ADP any DET system NOUN that PRON separates VERB and CCONJ treats VERB groups NOUN of ADP people NOUN unequally ADV by ADP law NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 4 used nsubj:pass 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 used aux:pass 3 also also ADV _ 4 used advmod 4 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 for for ADP _ 7 system case 6 any any DET PronType=Ind 7 system det 7 system system NOUN Number=Sing 4 used obl 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 separates nsubj 9 separates separate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 system acl:relcl 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 treats cc 11 treats treat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 separates conj 12 groups group NOUN Number=Plur 11 treats obj 13 of of ADP _ 14 people case 14 people people NOUN Number=Plur 12 groups nmod 15 unequally unequally ADV _ 11 treats advmod 16 by by ADP _ 17 law case 17 law law NOUN Number=Sing 11 treats obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 4 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present · passive Apartheid for any system vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for system=Eventuality 2 separate present any system vn separate-23.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient 3 treat present any system not said here groups of people by law; unequally property vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent group=Recipient
Example 1 Under apartheid, Black and white children went to separate schools.
case obl punct amod cc conj nsubj case amod obl punct root Under ADP apartheid NOUN , PUNCT Black ADJ and CCONJ white ADJ children NOUN went VERB to ADP separate ADJ schools NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Under under ADP _ 2 apartheid case 2 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 8 went obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 apartheid punct 4 Black black ADJ Degree=Pos 7 children amod 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 white cc 6 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 4 Black conj 7 children child NOUN Number=Plur 8 went nsubj 8 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 to to ADP _ 11 schools case 10 separate separate ADJ Degree=Pos 11 schools amod 11 schools school NOUN Number=Plur 8 went obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past Black children apartheid to separate schools vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to school=Initial_Location
Example 2 Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid.
nsubj flat case obl punct root Nelson PROPN Mandela PROPN fought VERB against ADP apartheid NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Nelson Nelson PROPN Number=Sing 3 fought nsubj 2 Mandela Mandela PROPN Number=Sing 1 Nelson flat 3 fought fight VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 against against ADP _ 5 apartheid case 5 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 3 fought obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 fought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fight past Nelson against apartheid vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Apartheid ended in the early 1990s, and free elections were held in 1994.
The tree, 13 words nsubj case det amod obl punct cc amod nsubj aux:pass conj case obl punct root Apartheid PROPN ended VERB in ADP the DET early ADJ 1990s NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ free ADJ elections NOUN were AUX held VERB in ADP 1994 NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Apartheid Apartheid PROPN Number=Sing 2 ended nsubj 2 ended end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 6 1990s case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 1990s det 5 early early ADJ Degree=Pos 6 1990s amod 6 1990s 1990s NOUN Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card 2 ended obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 12 held punct 8 and and CCONJ _ 12 held cc 9 free free ADJ Degree=Pos 10 elections amod 10 elections election NOUN Number=Plur 12 held nsubj 11 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 held aux:pass 12 held hold VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 ended conj 13 in in ADP _ 14 1994 case 14 1994 1994 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 12 held obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 ended punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end past Apartheid the early 1990s vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 2 hold past · passive free elections 1994 vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in 1994=Location
Example 4 Many countries refused to trade with South Africa because of apartheid.
amod nsubj mark xcomp case compound obl case fixed obl punct root Many ADJ countries NOUN refused VERB to PART trade VERB with ADP South PROPN Africa PROPN because ADP of ADP apartheid NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 countries amod 2 countries country NOUN Number=Plur 3 refused nsubj 3 refused refuse VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 trade mark 5 trade trade VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 refused xcomp 6 with with ADP _ 8 Africa case 7 South South PROPN Number=Sing 8 Africa compound 8 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 5 trade obl 9 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 11 apartheid case 10 of of ADP _ 9 because fixed 11 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 5 trade obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 refused punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 refuse past Many countries vn reject-77.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 not trade to-infinitive Many countries not said here with South Africa; because apartheid vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with africa=Co-Agent
Example 5 Signs under apartheid said «Whites only».
nsubj case nmod punct ccomp advmod punct punct root Signs NOUN under ADP apartheid NOUN said VERB « PUNCT Whites VERB only ADV » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Signs sign NOUN Number=Plur 4 said nsubj 2 under under ADP _ 3 apartheid case 3 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 1 Signs nmod 4 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 Whites punct 6 Whites white VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 said ccomp 7 only only ADV _ 8 » advmod 8 » » PUNCT _ 6 Whites punct 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert past Signs under apartheid vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 white in a quote present tree rules
Example 6 People around the world protested against apartheid.
nsubj case det nmod case obl punct root People NOUN around ADP the DET world NOUN protested VERB against ADP apartheid NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 People people NOUN Number=Plur 5 protested nsubj 2 around around ADP _ 4 world case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 world det 4 world world NOUN Number=Sing 1 People nmod 5 protested protest VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 against against ADP _ 7 apartheid case 7 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 5 protested obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 protested punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 protest speech: disagree past People around the world against apartheid vn rebel-71.2-2 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent against apartheid=Topic
Example 7 We learned how apartheid was unfair and cruel.
nsubj advmod nsubj cop ccomp cc conj punct root We PRON learned VERB how ADV apartheid NOUN was AUX unfair ADJ and CCONJ cruel ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 learned nsubj 2 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 unfair advmod 4 apartheid apartheid NOUN Number=Sing 6 unfair nsubj 5 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 unfair cop 6 unfair unfair ADJ Degree=Pos 2 learned ccomp 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 cruel cc 8 cruel cruel ADJ Degree=Pos 6 unfair conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past We vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is past apartheid unfair property tree rules 3 be apartheid not said here tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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