authority Who acts: Authority, authorities, expert, local authority, council, head teacher · What happens: be, give, make, know, run, have · To what, where: power, orders, decisions, people, charge, expert · Speech: someone speaks here
«authority» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: authority in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Authority is the power or right to give orders and make decisions.
nsubj cop det cc conj mark xcomp obj cc conj obj punct root Authority NOUN is AUX the DET power NOUN or CCONJ right ADJ to PART give VERB orders NOUN and CCONJ make VERB decisions NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 4 power nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 power cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 power det 4 power power NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 right cc 6 right right ADJ Degree=Pos 4 power conj 7 to to PART _ 8 give mark 8 give give VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 right xcomp 9 orders order NOUN Number=Plur 8 give obj 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 make cc 11 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 give conj 12 decisions decision NOUN Number=Plur 11 make obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 power punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Authority the power tree rules 2 be Authority not said here tree rules 3 give to-infinitive Authority not said here orders vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent order=Theme 4 make present Authority not said here decisions vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset decision=Product
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"the head teacher has authority over the school".
punct det compound nsubj obj case det nmod punct punct root " PUNCT the DET head NOUN teacher NOUN has VERB authority NOUN over ADP the DET school NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 has punct 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 teacher det 3 head head NOUN Number=Sing 4 teacher compound 4 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 5 has nsubj 5 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 5 has obj 7 over over ADP _ 9 school case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 school det 9 school school NOUN Number=Sing 6 authority nmod 10 " " PUNCT _ 5 has punct 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have in a quote present the head teacher authority the school vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient
Meaning 2 The authorities are the people or organisations in charge, such as the police or government.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det cc conj case nmod punct case fixed det conj cc conj punct root The DET authorities NOUN are AUX the DET people NOUN or CCONJ organisations NOUN in ADP charge NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP the DET police NOUN or CCONJ government NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 authorities det 2 authorities authority NOUN Number=Plur 5 people nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 people cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 people det 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 organisations cc 7 organisations organisation NOUN Number=Plur 5 people conj 8 in in ADP _ 9 charge case 9 charge charge NOUN Number=Sing 5 people nmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 14 police punct 11 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 14 police case 12 as as ADP _ 11 such fixed 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 police det 14 police police NOUN Number=Plur 5 people conj 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 government cc 16 government government NOUN Number=Sing 14 police conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 people punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the authorities the people or organisations and the police or government charge tree rules
Meaning 3 An authority on a subject is an expert who knows a lot about it.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj case det nmod cop det nsubj acl:relcl det obj case obl punct root An DET authority NOUN on ADP a DET subject NOUN is AUX an DET expert NOUN who PRON knows VERB a DET lot NOUN about ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 authority det 2 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 8 expert nsubj 3 on on ADP _ 5 subject case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 subject det 5 subject subject NOUN Number=Sing 2 authority nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 expert cop 7 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 expert det 8 expert expert NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 who who PRON PronType=Rel 10 knows nsubj 10 knows know VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 expert acl:relcl 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 lot det 12 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 10 knows obj 13 about about ADP _ 14 it case 14 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 knows obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 8 expert punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a authority on a subject a expert tree rules 2 know present a expert a lot about authority vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer lot=Stimulus
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"she's an authority on birds".
punct nsubj cop det case nmod punct punct root " PUNCT she PRON 's AUX an DET authority NOUN on ADP birds NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 5 authority punct 2 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 authority nsubj 3 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 authority cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 authority det 5 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 on on ADP _ 7 birds case 7 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 5 authority nmod 8 " " PUNCT _ 5 authority punct 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 authority punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present she a authority on birds tree rules
Meaning 4 A local authority (UK) is the council that runs a town or area.
The tree, 13 words det amod nsubj punct appos punct cop det nsubj acl:relcl det obj cc conj punct root A DET local ADJ authority NOUN ( PUNCT UK PROPN ) PUNCT is AUX the DET council NOUN that PRON runs VERB a DET town NOUN or CCONJ area NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 authority det 2 local local ADJ Degree=Pos 3 authority amod 3 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 9 council nsubj 4 ( ( PUNCT _ 5 UK punct 5 UK UK PROPN Number=Sing 3 authority appos 6 ) ) PUNCT _ 5 UK punct 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 council cop 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 council det 9 council council NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 11 runs nsubj 11 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 council acl:relcl 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 town det 13 town town NOUN Number=Sing 11 runs obj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 area cc 15 area area NOUN Number=Sing 13 town conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 9 council punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a local authority the council tree rules 2 run present the council a town or area vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme town=Trajectory
Example 1 The police have authority to stop cars.
det nsubj obj mark acl obj punct root The DET police NOUN have VERB authority NOUN to PART stop VERB cars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 police det 2 police police NOUN Number=Plur 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 3 have obj 5 to to PART _ 6 stop mark 6 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 authority acl 7 cars car NOUN Number=Plur 6 stop obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the police authority vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient 2 stop to-infinitive the police not said here cars vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality car=Eventuality
Example 2 The authorities closed the road after the flood.
det nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET authorities NOUN closed VERB the DET road NOUN after ADP the DET flood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 authorities det 2 authorities authority NOUN Number=Plur 3 closed nsubj 3 closed close VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 road det 5 road road NOUN Number=Sing 3 closed obj 6 after after ADP _ 8 flood case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 flood det 8 flood flood NOUN Number=Sing 3 closed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 closed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 close past the authorities the road after the flood vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient
Example 3 Our teacher has the authority to give detentions.
nmod:poss nsubj det obj mark acl obj punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN has VERB the DET authority NOUN to PART give VERB detentions NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 authority det 5 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 3 has obj 6 to to PART _ 7 give mark 7 give give VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 authority acl 8 detentions detention NOUN Number=Plur 7 give obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Our teacher the authority vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient 2 give to-infinitive Our teacher not said here detentions vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent detention=Theme
Example 4 My uncle is an authority on old cars.
nmod:poss nsubj cop det case amod nmod punct root My PRON uncle NOUN is AUX an DET authority NOUN on ADP old ADJ cars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 uncle nmod:poss 2 uncle uncle NOUN Number=Sing 5 authority nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 authority cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 authority det 5 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 on on ADP _ 8 cars case 7 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 cars amod 8 cars car NOUN Number=Plur 5 authority nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 authority punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present My uncle a authority old cars tree rules
Example 5 She spoke with great authority.
nsubj case amod obl punct root She PRON spoke VERB with ADP great ADJ authority NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 spoke nsubj 2 spoke speak VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 with with ADP _ 5 authority case 4 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 5 authority amod 5 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 2 spoke obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 spoke punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other past She with great authority vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with authority=Co-Agent
Example 6 I have it on good authority that we have a test tomorrow.
nsubj obj case amod obl mark nsubj advcl det obj obl:unmarked punct root I PRON have VERB it PRON on ADP good ADJ authority NOUN that SCONJ we PRON have VERB a DET test NOUN tomorrow NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 have obj 4 on on ADP _ 6 authority case 5 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 6 authority amod 6 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 2 have obl 7 that that SCONJ _ 9 have mark 8 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 have nsubj 9 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 have advcl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 test det 11 test test NOUN Number=Sing 9 have obj 12 tomorrow tomorrow NOUN Number=Sing 9 have obl:unmarked 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present I it good authority vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient 2 have present we a test tomorrow vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Patient
Example 7 The local authority runs the library.
det amod nsubj det obj punct root The DET local ADJ authority NOUN runs VERB the DET library NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 authority det 2 local local ADJ Degree=Pos 3 authority amod 3 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 4 runs nsubj 4 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 library det 6 library library NOUN Number=Sing 4 runs obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 runs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run present the local authority the library vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme library=Trajectory
Example 8 "Who gave you authority to come this way?" roared he.
punct nsubj iobj obj mark advcl det obj punct punct conj obj punct root " PUNCT Who PRON gave VERB you PRON authority NOUN to PART come VERB this DET way NOUN ? PUNCT " PUNCT roared VERB he PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 3 gave punct 2 Who who PRON PronType=Rel 3 gave nsubj 3 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 gave iobj 5 authority authority NOUN Number=Sing 3 gave obj 6 to to PART _ 7 come mark 7 come come VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 gave advcl 8 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 9 way det 9 way way NOUN Number=Sing 7 come obj 10 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 gave punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 3 gave punct 12 roared roar VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 gave conj 13 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 roared obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give in a quote past authority you vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient authority=Theme 2 come in a quote to-infinitive this way vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location way=Theme 3 roar past he vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location he=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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