bacteria

Who acts: Bacteria, tiny living things, many, you, microscope, us · What happens: be, make, see, need, wash, get · To what, where: tiny living things, each, harmful illness, gut, yoghurt, microscope

«bacteria» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: bacteria in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Bacteria are tiny living things, each made of just one cell, too small to see without a microscope.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 things	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 things	cop
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 things	amod
4	living	living	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 things	amod
5	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 made	punct
7	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	8 made	nsubj:pass
8	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 things	acl
9	of	of	ADP	_	12 cell	case
10	just	just	ADV	_	11 one	advmod
11	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 cell	nummod
12	cell	cell	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 made	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 small	punct
14	too	too	ADV	_	15 small	advmod
15	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 cell	amod
16	to	to	PART	_	17 see	mark
17	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 small	advcl
18	without	without	ADP	_	20 microscope	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 microscope	det
20	microscope	microscope	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 see	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 things	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Bacteria	tiny living things		tree rules
2	make	participle · passive	tiny living things not said here	each	of one cell	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
3	see	to-infinitive	tiny living things not said here		without a microscope	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Some bacteria are harmful and cause illness (germs), but many are helpful, for example in your gut, in soil and in making yoghurt and cheese.

The tree, 25 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 bacteria	det
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 illness	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 illness	cop
4	harmful	harmful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 illness	amod
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 cause	cc
6	cause	cause	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 harmful	conj
7	illness	illness	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	(	(	PUNCT	_	9 germs	punct
9	germs	germ	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 illness	appos
10	)	)	PUNCT	_	9 germs	punct
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 helpful	punct
12	but	but	CCONJ	_	15 helpful	cc
13	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 helpful	nsubj
14	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 helpful	cop
15	helpful	helpful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 illness	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 example	punct
17	for	for	ADP	_	18 example	case
18	example	example	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 helpful	obl
19	in	in	ADP	_	21 gut	case
20	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	21 gut	nmod:poss
21	gut	gut	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 helpful	obl
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 soil	punct
23	in	in	ADP	_	24 soil	case
24	soil	soil	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 illness	conj
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 making	cc
26	in	in	SCONJ	_	27 making	mark
27	making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	24 soil	conj
28	yoghurt	yoghurt	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 making	obj
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 cheese	cc
30	cheese	cheese	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 yoghurt	conj
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 illness	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	some bacteria	harmful illness and soil			tree rules
2	is	present	many		your gut	for example; helpful property	tree rules
3	make	gerund	some bacteria not said here	yoghurt and cheese			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset yoghurt=Product

Example 1

Bacteria are so small that you need a microscope to see them.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 small	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 small	cop
3	so	so	ADV	_	4 small	advmod
4	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 need	mark
6	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	7 need	nsubj
7	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 small	advcl
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 microscope	det
9	microscope	microscope	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 need	obj
10	to	to	PART	_	11 see	mark
11	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 need	xcomp
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 see	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 small	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	Bacteria		small property	tree rules
2	need	present	you	a microscope		tree rules
3	see not said to happen	to-infinitive	a microscope not said here	Bacteria = bacterium		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus

Example 2

Wash your hands with soap to get rid of harmful bacteria.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wash	wash	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 hands	nmod:poss
3	hands	hand	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Wash	obj
4	with	with	ADP	_	5 soap	case
5	soap	soap	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Wash	obl
6	to	to	PART	_	7 get	mark
7	get	get	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Wash	advcl
8	rid	rid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 get	xcomp
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 bacteria	case
10	harmful	harmful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 bacteria	amod
11	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 rid	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Wash	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	wash	imperative	you not said here	your hands				with soap	vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent hand=Patient with soap=Instrument
2	get	to-infinitive	you not said here					rid property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

Example 3

Some bacteria help us digest our food.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 bacteria	det
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 help	nsubj
3	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 help	obj
5	digest	digest	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 help	xcomp
6	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 food	nmod:poss
7	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 digest	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 help	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	present	some bacteria	us					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme
2	digest	infinitive	us not said here	our food					tree rules

Example 4

Keep milk in the fridge so bacteria grow more slowly.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Keep	keep	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	milk	milk	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Keep	obj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 fridge	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 fridge	det
5	fridge	fridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Keep	obl
6	so	so	SCONJ	_	8 grow	mark
7	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 grow	nsubj
8	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Keep	advcl
9	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	10 slowly	advmod
10	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	8 grow	advmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Keep	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	keep	imperative	you not said here	milk		the fridge			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent milk=Theme in fridge=Location
2	grow	present	bacteria					slowly property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 5

Yoghurt is made with the help of bacteria.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yoghurt	yoghurt	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 made	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 made	aux:pass
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 help	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 help	det
6	help	help	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 made	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 bacteria	case
8	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 help	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · passive		Yoghurt				with the help of bacteria	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
2	help			bacteria					nom help «act transitive»: of=patient

Example 6

Brushing your teeth removes bacteria that cause holes.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Brushing	brush	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 removes	csubj
2	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 teeth	nmod:poss
3	teeth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Brushing	obj
4	removes	remove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 removes	obj
6	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 cause	nsubj
7	cause	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 bacteria	acl:relcl
8	holes	hole	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 cause	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 removes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	brush	gerund		your teeth	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent tooth=Theme
2	remove	present	Brushing	bacteria	vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme
3	cause	present	bacteria	holes	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition hole=Patient

Example 7

Bacteria can live in very hot springs and in ice.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 live	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 live	aux
3	live	live	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	7 springs	case
5	very	very	ADV	_	6 hot	advmod
6	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 springs	amod
7	springs	spring	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 live	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 ice	cc
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 ice	case
10	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 springs	conj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 live	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	live	can	Bacteria				spring		vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 8

Cook chicken all the way through to kill the bacteria.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cook	cook	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 chicken	compound
2	chicken	chicken	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 way	nsubj
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 way	det:predet
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 way	det
5	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	through	through	ADV	_	5 way	advmod
7	to	to	PART	_	8 kill	mark
8	kill	kill	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 way	acl
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 bacteria	det
10	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 kill	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 way	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	kill	to-infinitive		the bacteria					vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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