ballast Who acts: Heavy material, stones, ship, submarine, balloonist, balloon · What happens: put, keep, lay, hold, give, carry · To what, where: ship, balloon, railway tracks, stones, place, steadiness
«ballast» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ballast in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Heavy material, such as stones, sand or water, put low in a ship or balloon to keep it steady.
The tree, 19 words amod nsubj punct case fixed conj punct conj cc conj punct advmod case det obl cc conj mark advcl obj xcomp punct root Heavy ADJ material NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP stones NOUN , PUNCT sand NOUN or CCONJ water NOUN , PUNCT put VERB low ADV in ADP a DET ship NOUN or CCONJ balloon NOUN to PART keep VERB it PRON steady ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 material amod 2 material material NOUN Number=Sing 12 put nsubj 3 , , PUNCT _ 6 stones punct 4 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 6 stones case 5 as as ADP _ 4 such fixed 6 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 2 material conj 7 , , PUNCT _ 8 sand punct 8 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 2 material conj 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 water cc 10 water water NOUN Number=Sing 8 sand conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 put punct 12 put put VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 13 low low ADV Degree=Pos 12 put advmod 14 in in ADP _ 16 ship case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 ship det 16 ship ship NOUN Number=Sing 12 put obl 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 balloon cc 18 balloon balloon NOUN Number=Sing 16 ship conj 19 to to PART _ 20 keep mark 20 keep keep VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 put advcl 21 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 20 keep obj 22 steady steady ADJ Degree=Pos 20 keep xcomp 23 . . PUNCT _ 12 put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put infinitive Heavy material and stones and sand or water a ship or balloon low property vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in ship=Destination 2 keep to-infinitive Heavy material and stones and sand or water not said here balloon steady property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The stones laid under railway tracks to hold them in place.
det nsubj case compound obl mark advcl obj case obl punct root The DET stones NOUN laid VERB under ADP railway NOUN tracks NOUN to PART hold VERB them PRON in ADP place NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 stones det 2 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 3 laid nsubj 3 laid lay VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 under under ADP _ 6 tracks case 5 railway railway NOUN Number=Sing 6 tracks compound 6 tracks track NOUN Number=Plur 3 laid obl 7 to to PART _ 8 hold mark 8 hold hold VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 laid advcl 9 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 hold obj 10 in in ADP _ 11 place case 11 place place NOUN Number=Sing 8 hold obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 laid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lay participle the stones railway tracks vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent under track=Destination 2 hold to-infinitive the stones not said here stones = stone place vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent they=Theme in place=Location
Meaning 3 Something that gives steadiness or balance to a person or plan.
nsubj acl:relcl obj cc conj case det obl cc conj punct root Something PRON that PRON gives VERB steadiness NOUN or CCONJ balance NOUN to ADP a DET person NOUN or CCONJ plan NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 2 that that PRON PronType=Rel 3 gives nsubj 3 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Something acl:relcl 4 steadiness steadiness NOUN Number=Sing 3 gives obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 balance cc 6 balance balance NOUN Number=Sing 4 steadiness conj 7 to to ADP _ 9 person case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 person det 9 person person NOUN Number=Sing 3 gives obl 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 plan cc 11 plan plan NOUN Number=Sing 9 person conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 1 Something punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give present steadiness or balance a person or plan vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent steadiness=Theme to person=Recipient
Example 1 The ship carried rocks as ballast to stop it rolling over.
det nsubj obj case obl mark advcl obj xcomp advmod punct root The DET ship NOUN carried VERB rocks NOUN as ADP ballast NOUN to PART stop VERB it PRON rolling VERB over ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 ship det 2 ship ship NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried nsubj 3 carried carry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 rocks rock NOUN Number=Plur 3 carried obj 5 as as ADP _ 6 ballast case 6 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried obl 7 to to PART _ 8 stop mark 8 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 carried advcl 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 stop obj 10 rolling roll VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 stop xcomp 11 over over ADV _ 10 rolling advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 carried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carry past the ship rocks as ballast vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Theme 2 stop to-infinitive the ship not said here ship tree rules 3 roll over gerund the ship not said here over property vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 The submarine filled its ballast tanks with water to dive.
det nsubj nmod:poss compound obj case obl mark advcl punct root The DET submarine NOUN filled VERB its PRON ballast NOUN tanks NOUN with ADP water NOUN to PART dive VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 submarine det 2 submarine submarine NOUN Number=Sing 3 filled nsubj 3 filled fill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 tanks nmod:poss 5 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 6 tanks compound 6 tanks tank NOUN Number=Plur 3 filled obj 7 with with ADP _ 8 water case 8 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 filled obl 9 to to PART _ 10 dive mark 10 dive dive VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 filled advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 filled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fill past the submarine submarine's ballast tanks with water vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent tank=Patient with water=Instrument 2 dive to-infinitive the submarine not said here vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 3 The balloonist threw out a bag of sand ballast and the balloon rose.
det nsubj compound:prt det obj case compound nmod cc det nsubj conj punct root The DET balloonist NOUN threw VERB out ADP a DET bag NOUN of ADP sand NOUN ballast NOUN and CCONJ the DET balloon NOUN rose VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 balloonist det 2 balloonist balloonist NOUN Number=Sing 3 threw nsubj 3 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 out out ADP _ 3 threw compound:prt 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 bag det 6 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 3 threw obj 7 of of ADP _ 9 ballast case 8 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 9 ballast compound 9 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 6 bag nmod 10 and and CCONJ _ 13 rose cc 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 balloon det 12 balloon balloon NOUN Number=Sing 13 rose nsubj 13 rose rise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 threw conj 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw out past the balloonist a bag of sand ballast vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme 2 rise past the balloon vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 4 Grey ballast stones lie under the railway sleepers.
amod compound nsubj case det compound obl punct root Grey ADJ ballast NOUN stones NOUN lie VERB under ADP the DET railway NOUN sleepers NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grey grey ADJ Degree=Pos 3 stones amod 2 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 3 stones compound 3 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 4 lie nsubj 4 lie lie VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 under under ADP _ 8 sleepers case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 sleepers det 7 railway railway NOUN Number=Sing 8 sleepers compound 8 sleepers sleeper NOUN Number=Plur 4 lie obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 lie punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lie present Grey ballast stones the railway sleepers vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under sleeper=Location
Example 5 We added coins to the bottom of our model boat as ballast.
nsubj obj case det obl case nmod:poss compound nmod case nmod punct root We PRON added VERB coins NOUN to ADP the DET bottom NOUN of ADP our PRON model NOUN boat NOUN as ADP ballast NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 added nsubj 2 added add VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 coins coin NOUN Number=Plur 2 added obj 4 to to ADP _ 6 bottom case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 bottom det 6 bottom bottom NOUN Number=Sing 2 added obl 7 of of ADP _ 10 boat case 8 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 boat nmod:poss 9 model model NOUN Number=Sing 10 boat compound 10 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 6 bottom nmod 11 as as ADP _ 12 ballast case 12 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 10 boat nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 added punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 add speech: assert past We coins to the bottom of our model boat as ballast vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent coin=Patient to bottom=Co-Patient
Example 6 Weight low down acts as ballast and keeps the boat steady.
advmod advmod advmod case obl cc conj det obj xcomp punct root Weight ADV low ADV down ADV acts VERB as ADP ballast NOUN and CCONJ keeps VERB the DET boat NOUN steady ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Weight weight ADV _ 3 down advmod 2 low low ADV Degree=Pos 3 down advmod 3 down down ADV _ 4 acts advmod 4 acts act VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 as as ADP _ 6 ballast case 6 ballast ballast NOUN Number=Sing 4 acts obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 keeps cc 8 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 acts conj 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 boat det 10 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 8 keeps obj 11 steady steady ADJ Degree=Pos 8 keeps xcomp 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 acts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 act present as ballast; down property vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as ballast=Attribute 2 keep present the boat steady property vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boat=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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