barter Who acts: Barter, I, other person, you, traders, 3 apples · What happens: barter, mean, swap, use, be, trade · To what, where: things, money, kind, two stickers, settlers, salt · Speech: someone speaks here
«barter» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: barter in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To barter means to swap things or services for other things instead of using money.
The tree, 15 words mark csubj mark xcomp obj cc conj case amod obl mark fixed advcl obj punct root To PART barter VERB means VERB to PART swap VERB things NOUN or CCONJ services NOUN for ADP other ADJ things NOUN instead ADV of ADP using VERB money NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 barter mark 2 barter barter VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 swap mark 5 swap swap VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 5 swap obj 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 services cc 8 services service NOUN Number=Plur 6 things conj 9 for for ADP _ 11 things case 10 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 11 things amod 11 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 5 swap obl 12 instead instead ADV ExtPos=SCONJ 14 using mark 13 of of ADP _ 12 instead fixed 14 using use VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 swap advcl 15 money money NOUN Number=Sing 14 using obj 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 barter to-infinitive vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 swap not said to happen to-infinitive things or services for other things vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent thing=Theme for thing=Co-Theme 4 use gerund money vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Barter is this kind of trading by swapping.
nsubj cop det case nmod mark advcl punct root Barter PROPN is AUX this DET kind NOUN of ADP trading NOUN by SCONJ swapping VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Barter Barter PROPN Number=Sing 4 kind nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 kind cop 3 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 4 kind det 4 kind kind NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 trading case 6 trading trading NOUN Number=Sing 4 kind nmod 7 by by SCONJ _ 8 swapping mark 8 swapping swap VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 kind advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 kind punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Barter this kind of trading tree rules 2 swap gerund Barter not said here vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme
Example 1 Long ago, people bartered fish for bread.
advmod advmod punct nsubj amod case nmod punct root Long ADV ago ADV , PUNCT people NOUN bartered VERB fish NOUN for ADP bread NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Long long ADV Degree=Pos 2 ago advmod 2 ago ago ADV _ 6 fish advmod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 ago punct 4 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 fish nsubj 5 bartered barter VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 fish amod 6 fish fish NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 for for ADP _ 8 bread case 8 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 6 fish nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 fish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 barter participle vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 2 I bartered two stickers for one shiny card.
nsubj nummod obj case nummod amod obl punct root I PRON bartered VERB two NUM stickers NOUN for ADP one NUM shiny ADJ card NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 bartered nsubj 2 bartered barter VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 stickers nummod 4 stickers sticker NOUN Number=Plur 2 bartered obj 5 for for ADP _ 8 card case 6 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 card nummod 7 shiny shiny ADJ Degree=Pos 8 card amod 8 card card NOUN Number=Sing 2 bartered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 bartered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 barter past I two stickers for one shiny card vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent sticker=Theme for card=Co-Theme
Example 3 The settlers bartered with local people for furs.
det acl case amod obl case obl punct root The DET settlers NOUN bartered VERB with ADP local ADJ people NOUN for ADP furs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 settlers det 2 settlers settler NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 bartered barter VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 settlers acl 4 with with ADP _ 6 people case 5 local local ADJ Degree=Pos 6 people amod 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 3 bartered obl 7 for for ADP _ 8 furs case 8 furs fur NOUN Number=Plur 3 bartered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 settlers punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 barter participle the settlers not said here with local people; for furs vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with people=Co-Agent
Example 4 Barter is trading without money.
nsubj aux case obl punct root Barter PROPN is AUX trading VERB without ADP money NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Barter Barter PROPN Number=Sing 3 trading nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 trading aux 3 trading trade VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 without without ADP _ 5 money case 5 money money NOUN Number=Sing 3 trading obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 trading punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 trade present · progressive Barter without money vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 5 It is hard to barter if the other person doesn't want what you have.
The tree, 15 words expl cop mark xcomp mark det amod nsubj aux advmod advcl obj nsubj acl:relcl punct root It PRON is AUX hard ADJ to PART barter VERB if SCONJ the DET other ADJ person NOUN does AUX n't PART want VERB what PRON you PRON have VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 hard expl 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 hard cop 3 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 5 barter mark 5 barter barter VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 hard xcomp 6 if if SCONJ _ 12 want mark 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 person det 8 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 9 person amod 9 person person NOUN Number=Sing 12 want nsubj 10 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 want aux 11 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 12 want advmod 12 want want VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 barter advcl 13 what what PRON PronType=Int 12 want obj 14 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 15 have nsubj 15 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 what acl:relcl 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present hard property tree rules 2 barter to-infinitive vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3 not want a condition, not said to happen present · do-support the other person vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot what=Theme 4 have present you vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 6 The traders bartered salt for gold.
det nsubj obj case nmod punct root The DET traders NOUN bartered VERB salt NOUN for ADP gold NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 traders det 2 traders trader NOUN Number=Plur 3 bartered nsubj 3 bartered barter VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 salt salt NOUN Number=Sing 3 bartered obj 5 for for ADP _ 6 gold case 6 gold gold NOUN Number=Sing 4 salt nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 bartered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 barter past the traders salt for gold vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent salt=Theme for gold=Co-Theme
Example 7 If 3 apples are worth 1 orange, you can barter 9 apples for 3 oranges.
The tree, 15 words mark nummod nsubj cop advcl nummod obj punct nsubj aux nummod obj case nummod obl punct root If SCONJ 3 NUM apples NOUN are AUX worth ADJ 1 NUM orange NOUN , PUNCT you PRON can AUX barter VERB 9 NUM apples NOUN for ADP 3 NUM oranges NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 5 worth mark 2 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 apples nummod 3 apples apple NOUN Number=Plur 5 worth nsubj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 worth cop 5 worth worth ADJ Degree=Pos 11 barter advcl 6 1 1 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 orange nummod 7 orange orange NOUN Number=Sing 5 worth obj 8 , , PUNCT _ 5 worth punct 9 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 11 barter nsubj 10 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 barter aux 11 barter barter VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 12 9 9 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 13 apples nummod 13 apples apple NOUN Number=Plur 11 barter obj 14 for for ADP _ 16 oranges case 15 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 16 oranges nummod 16 oranges orange NOUN Number=Plur 11 barter obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 11 barter punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a condition, not said to happen present 3 apples worth property tree rules 2 barter can you 9 apples for 3 oranges vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent apple=Theme for orange=Co-Theme
Example 8 Then he rode away upon the horse that was to be sold or bartered for something else.
The tree, 17 words advmod nsubj advmod case det obl nsubj:pass aux:pass mark aux:pass acl:relcl cc conj case obl advmod punct root Then ADV he PRON rode VERB away ADV upon ADP the DET horse NOUN that PRON was AUX to PART be AUX sold VERB or CCONJ bartered VERB for ADP something PRON else ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Then then ADV PronType=Dem 3 rode advmod 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 rode nsubj 3 rode ride VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 away away ADV _ 3 rode advmod 5 upon upon ADP _ 7 horse case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 horse det 7 horse horse NOUN Number=Sing 3 rode obl 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 sold nsubj:pass 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 sold aux:pass 10 to to PART _ 12 sold mark 11 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 sold aux:pass 12 sold sell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 horse acl:relcl 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 bartered cc 14 bartered barter VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 sold conj 15 for for ADP _ 16 something case 16 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 14 bartered obl 17 else else ADV _ 16 something advmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 3 rode punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ride away past he then upon the horse; away property vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent 2 sell past · passive he not said here the horse vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 3 barter participle he not said here for something vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent for something=Co-Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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