betoken Who acts: something, Dark clouds, silence, His, gift, empty streets · What happens: be, show, go, happen, betoken, silence · To what, where: sign, storm, anger, her, Red sky, fine weather · Speech: someone speaks here
«betoken» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: betoken in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To be a sign of something; to show that something is true or is going to happen.
The tree, 17 words mark cop det case nmod punct mark parataxis mark nsubj cop ccomp cc aux conj mark xcomp punct root To PART be AUX a DET sign NOUN of ADP something PRON ; PUNCT to PART show VERB that SCONJ something PRON is AUX true ADJ or CCONJ is AUX going VERB to PART happen VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 4 sign mark 2 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 4 sign cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 sign det 4 sign sign NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 something case 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 sign nmod 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 9 show punct 8 to to PART _ 9 show mark 9 show show VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 4 sign parataxis 10 that that SCONJ _ 13 true mark 11 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 true nsubj 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 true cop 13 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 9 show ccomp 14 or or CCONJ _ 16 going cc 15 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 going aux 16 going go VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 13 true conj 17 to to PART _ 18 happen mark 18 happen happen VERB VerbForm=Inf 16 going xcomp 19 . . PUNCT _ 4 sign punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a to-infinitive a sign of something tree rules 2 show to-infinitive vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is present something true property tree rules 4 go present · progressive something not said here vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 5 happen to-infinitive something not said here vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 Dark clouds betokened a storm.
amod nsubj det obj punct root Dark ADJ clouds NOUN betokened VERB a DET storm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 clouds amod 2 clouds cloud NOUN Number=Plur 3 betokened nsubj 3 betokened betoken VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 storm det 5 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 3 betokened obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 betokened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 betoken past Dark clouds a storm tree rules
Example 2 His silence betokened anger.
nmod:poss nsubj obj punct root His PRON silence NOUN betokened VERB anger NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 His his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 silence nmod:poss 2 silence silence NOUN Number=Sing 3 betokened nsubj 3 betokened betoken VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 anger anger NOUN Number=Sing 3 betokened obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 betokened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 betoken past His silence anger tree rules 2 silence His = he nom silence «state transitive»: poss=agent
Example 3 The gift betokened her thanks.
det nsubj obj obj punct root The DET gift NOUN betokened VERB her PRON thanks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 gift det 2 gift gift NOUN Number=Sing 3 betokened nsubj 3 betokened betoken VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 betokened obj 5 thanks thanks NOUN Number=Sing 3 betokened obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 betokened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 betoken past the gift her = she tree rules
Example 4 Red sky at night is said to betoken fine weather.
amod nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass mark xcomp amod obj punct root Red ADJ sky NOUN at ADP night NOUN is AUX said VERB to PART betoken VERB fine ADJ weather NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Red red ADJ Degree=Pos 2 sky amod 2 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 6 said nsubj:pass 3 at at ADP _ 4 night case 4 night night NOUN Number=Sing 2 sky nmod 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 said aux:pass 6 said say VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 to to PART _ 8 betoken mark 8 betoken betoken VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 said xcomp 9 fine fine ADJ Degree=Pos 10 weather amod 10 weather weather NOUN Number=Sing 8 betoken obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present · passive Red sky at night tree rules 2 betoken to-infinitive fine weather tree rules
Example 5 The empty streets betokened that something was wrong.
det amod nsubj mark nsubj cop ccomp punct root The DET empty ADJ streets NOUN betokened VERB that SCONJ something PRON was AUX wrong ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 streets det 2 empty empty ADJ Degree=Pos 3 streets amod 3 streets street NOUN Number=Plur 4 betokened nsubj 4 betokened betoken VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 that that SCONJ _ 8 wrong mark 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 wrong nsubj 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 wrong cop 8 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 4 betokened ccomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 betokened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 betoken past the empty streets tree rules 2 is past something wrong property tree rules
Example 6 From the mountain-path came a joyous sound of some person whistling, and it betokened good humor and undaunted courage.
The tree, 20 words case det compound punct obl det amod obj case det nmod acl punct cc nsubj conj amod obj cc amod conj punct root From ADP the DET mountain NOUN - PUNCT path NOUN came VERB a DET joyous ADJ sound NOUN of ADP some DET person NOUN whistling VERB , PUNCT and CCONJ it PRON betokened VERB good ADJ humor NOUN and CCONJ undaunted ADJ courage NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 From from ADP _ 5 path case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 path det 3 mountain mountain NOUN Number=Sing 5 path compound 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 mountain punct 5 path path NOUN Number=Sing 6 came obl 6 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 sound det 8 joyous joyous ADJ Degree=Pos 9 sound amod 9 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 6 came obj 10 of of ADP _ 12 person case 11 some some DET PronType=Ind 12 person det 12 person person NOUN Number=Sing 9 sound nmod 13 whistling whistle VERB VerbForm=Ger 12 person acl 14 , , PUNCT _ 17 betokened punct 15 and and CCONJ _ 17 betokened cc 16 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 betokened nsubj 17 betokened betoken VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 came conj 18 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 19 humor amod 19 humor humor NOUN Number=Sing 17 betokened obj 20 and and CCONJ _ 22 courage cc 21 undaunted undaunted ADJ Degree=Pos 22 courage amod 22 courage courage NOUN Number=Sing 19 humor conj 23 . . PUNCT _ 6 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past a joyous sound of some person the mountain path vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location sound=Theme 2 whistle gerund some person not said here vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 betoken past sound good humor and undaunted courage tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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