buttress Who acts: buttress, flying buttress, arch, buttress root, wide flat root, stone buttresses · What happens: be, build, hold up, stop, fall, support · To what, where: thick wall, brick, buttress, stone, arch, separate pillar
«buttress» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: buttress in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A buttress is a thick wall or support of stone or brick built against a wall to hold it up and stop it falling outwards.
The tree, 25 words det nsubj cop det amod cc conj case nmod cc conj acl case det obl mark advcl obj compound:prt cc conj obj xcomp advmod punct root A DET buttress NOUN is AUX a DET thick ADJ wall NOUN or CCONJ support NOUN of ADP stone NOUN or CCONJ brick NOUN built VERB against ADP a DET wall NOUN to PART hold VERB it PRON up ADP and CCONJ stop VERB it PRON falling VERB outwards ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 buttress det 2 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 6 wall nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 wall cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 wall det 5 thick thick ADJ Degree=Pos 6 wall amod 6 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 support cc 8 support support NOUN Number=Sing 6 wall conj 9 of of ADP _ 10 stone case 10 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 8 support nmod 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 brick cc 12 brick brick NOUN Number=Sing 10 stone conj 13 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 brick acl 14 against against ADP _ 16 wall case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 wall det 16 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 13 built obl 17 to to PART _ 18 hold mark 18 hold hold VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 built advcl 19 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 hold obj 20 up up ADP _ 18 hold compound:prt 21 and and CCONJ _ 22 stop cc 22 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 18 hold conj 23 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 stop obj 24 falling fall VERB VerbForm=Ger 22 stop xcomp 25 outwards outwards ADV _ 24 falling advmod 26 . . PUNCT _ 6 wall punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a buttress a thick wall or support of stone or brick tree rules 2 build participle brick not said here against a wall vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute 3 hold up to-infinitive buttress vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot it=Theme 4 stop infinitive buttress tree rules 5 fall gerund outwards property vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme 6 support stone or brick nom support «act transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A flying buttress is an arch that reaches from a separate pillar to support a tall wall, as in Gothic cathedrals.
The tree, 21 words det amod nsubj cop det nsubj acl:relcl case det amod obl mark advcl det amod obj punct case case amod obl punct root A DET flying VERB buttress NOUN is AUX an DET arch NOUN that PRON reaches VERB from ADP a DET separate ADJ pillar NOUN to PART support VERB a DET tall ADJ wall NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP Gothic ADJ cathedrals NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 buttress det 2 flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 buttress amod 3 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 6 arch nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 arch cop 5 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 arch det 6 arch arch NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 reaches nsubj 8 reaches reach VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 arch acl:relcl 9 from from ADP _ 12 pillar case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 pillar det 11 separate separate ADJ Degree=Pos 12 pillar amod 12 pillar pillar NOUN Number=Sing 8 reaches obl 13 to to PART _ 14 support mark 14 support support VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 reaches advcl 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 wall det 16 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 17 wall amod 17 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 14 support obj 18 , , PUNCT _ 22 cathedrals punct 19 as as ADP _ 22 cathedrals case 20 in in ADP _ 22 cathedrals case 21 Gothic gothic ADJ Degree=Pos 22 cathedrals amod 22 cathedrals cathedral NOUN Number=Plur 14 support obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 6 arch punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly gerund vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 is a present a flying buttress a arch tree rules 3 reach present a arch a separate pillar vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 support to-infinitive a arch not said here a tall wall as Gothic cathedrals vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer wall=Stimulus
Meaning 3 To buttress something is to support or strengthen it, often an argument or idea.
The tree, 14 words mark advcl obj cop mark cc conj obj punct advmod det parataxis cc conj punct root To PART buttress VERB something PRON is AUX to PART support VERB or CCONJ strengthen VERB it PRON , PUNCT often ADV an DET argument NOUN or CCONJ idea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 buttress mark 2 buttress buttress VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 support advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 buttress obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 support cop 5 to to PART _ 6 support mark 6 support support VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 strengthen cc 8 strengthen strengthen VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 support conj 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 strengthen obj 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 argument punct 11 often often ADV _ 13 argument advmod 12 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 argument det 13 argument argument NOUN Number=Sing 6 support parataxis 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 idea cc 15 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 13 argument conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 support punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 buttress to-infinitive something vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot something=Theme 2 is present support property tree rules 3 strengthen infinitive it vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient
Meaning 4 A buttress root is a wide, flat root that holds up a tall rainforest tree.
The tree, 15 words det compound nsubj cop det amod punct amod nsubj acl:relcl compound:prt det amod compound obj punct root A DET buttress NOUN root NOUN is AUX a DET wide ADJ , PUNCT flat ADJ root NOUN that PRON holds VERB up ADP a DET tall ADJ rainforest NOUN tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 root det 2 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 3 root compound 3 root root NOUN Number=Sing 9 root nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 root cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 root det 6 wide wide ADJ Degree=Pos 9 root amod 7 , , PUNCT _ 6 wide punct 8 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 9 root amod 9 root root NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 11 holds nsubj 11 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 root acl:relcl 12 up up ADP _ 11 holds compound:prt 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 tree det 14 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 16 tree amod 15 rainforest rainforest NOUN Number=Sing 16 tree compound 16 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 11 holds obj 17 . . PUNCT _ 9 root punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a buttress root a wide flat root tree rules 2 hold up present a wide flat root a tall rainforest tree vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot tree=Theme
Example 1 The old church wall is held up by stone buttresses.
det amod compound nsubj:pass aux:pass compound:prt case compound obl punct root The DET old ADJ church NOUN wall NOUN is AUX held VERB up ADP by ADP stone NOUN buttresses NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 wall det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 wall amod 3 church church NOUN Number=Sing 4 wall compound 4 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 6 held nsubj:pass 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 held aux:pass 6 held hold VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 up up ADP _ 6 held compound:prt 8 by by ADP _ 10 buttresses case 9 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 10 buttresses compound 10 buttresses buttress NOUN Number=Plur 6 held obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 held punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold up present · passive stone buttresses the old church wall vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Theme
Example 2 Flying buttresses support the walls of Notre-Dame in Paris.
amod nsubj det obj case nmod punct conj case nmod punct root Flying VERB buttresses NOUN support VERB the DET walls NOUN of ADP Notre PROPN - PUNCT Dame PROPN in ADP Paris PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Flying fly VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 buttresses amod 2 buttresses buttress NOUN Number=Plur 3 support nsubj 3 support support VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 walls det 5 walls wall NOUN Number=Plur 3 support obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 Notre case 7 Notre Notre PROPN Number=Sing 5 walls nmod 8 - - PUNCT _ 9 Dame punct 9 Dame Dame PROPN Number=Sing 7 Notre conj 10 in in ADP _ 11 Paris case 11 Paris Paris PROPN Number=Sing 9 Dame nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 support punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fly gerund vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 support present Flying buttresses the walls of Notre and Dame in Paris vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer wall=Stimulus
Example 3 Rainforest trees have huge buttress roots.
compound nsubj amod compound obj punct root Rainforest NOUN trees NOUN have VERB huge ADJ buttress NOUN roots NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Rainforest rainforest NOUN Number=Sing 2 trees compound 2 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 3 have nsubj 3 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 6 roots amod 5 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 6 roots compound 6 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 3 have obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Rainforest trees huge buttress roots vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent root=Patient
Example 4 Buttresses let builders make tall walls with big windows.
nsubj obj xcomp amod obj case amod obl punct root Buttresses NOUN let VERB builders NOUN make VERB tall ADJ walls NOUN with ADP big ADJ windows NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Buttresses buttress NOUN Number=Plur 2 let nsubj 2 let let VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 builders builder NOUN Number=Plur 2 let obj 4 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 let xcomp 5 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 6 walls amod 6 walls wall NOUN Number=Plur 4 make obj 7 with with ADP _ 9 windows case 8 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 9 windows amod 9 windows window NOUN Number=Plur 4 make obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 let punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 let present Buttresses builders tree rules 2 make infinitive builders not said here tall walls with big windows vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wall=Product
Example 5 She buttressed her argument with lots of facts.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case obl case nmod punct root She PRON buttressed VERB her PRON argument NOUN with ADP lots NOUN of ADP facts NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 buttressed nsubj 2 buttressed buttress VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 argument nmod:poss 4 argument argument NOUN Number=Sing 2 buttressed obj 5 with with ADP _ 6 lots case 6 lots lot NOUN Number=Plur 2 buttressed obl 7 of of ADP _ 8 facts case 8 facts fact NOUN Number=Plur 6 lots nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 buttressed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 buttress past She her argument with lots of facts vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent argument=Theme with lot=Instrument 2 argue her = she nom argument «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 6 The castle wall had a buttress at each corner.
det compound nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET castle NOUN wall NOUN had VERB a DET buttress NOUN at ADP each DET corner NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 wall det 2 castle castle NOUN Number=Sing 3 wall compound 3 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 4 had nsubj 4 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 buttress det 6 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 4 had obj 7 at at ADP _ 9 corner case 8 each each DET PronType=Tot 9 corner det 9 corner corner NOUN Number=Sing 4 had obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the castle wall a buttress each corner vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent buttress=Patient
Example 7 We crawled between the buttress roots of a giant fig tree.
nsubj case det compound obl case det amod compound nmod punct root We PRON crawled VERB between ADP the DET buttress NOUN roots NOUN of ADP a DET giant ADJ fig NOUN tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 crawled nsubj 2 crawled crawl VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 between between ADP _ 6 roots case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 roots det 5 buttress buttress NOUN Number=Sing 6 roots compound 6 roots root NOUN Number=Plur 2 crawled obl 7 of of ADP _ 11 tree case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 tree det 9 giant giant ADJ Degree=Pos 11 tree amod 10 fig fig NOUN Number=Sing 11 tree compound 11 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 6 roots nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 crawled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crawl past We the buttress roots of a giant fig tree vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between root=Trajectory
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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