carbonise

Who acts: food, Dad, Archaeologists, you, sugar, fossil leaf · What happens: turn, heat, change, burn, go, make · To what, where: something, carbon, charcoal, dead plants, coal, food

«carbonise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: carbonise in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To turn something into carbon or charcoal by heating it strongly, usually without much air.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 turn	mark
2	turn	turn	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 turn	obj
4	into	into	ADP	_	5 carbon	case
5	carbon	carbon	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 turn	obl
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 charcoal	cc
7	charcoal	charcoal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 carbon	conj
8	by	by	SCONJ	_	9 heating	mark
9	heating	heat	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 turn	advcl
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 heating	obj
11	strongly	strongly	ADV	_	9 heating	advmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 air	punct
13	usually	usually	ADV	_	16 air	advmod
14	without	without	ADP	_	16 air	case
15	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 air	amod
16	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 heating	obl
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 turn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	turn	to-infinitive		something		carbon or charcoal			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent something=Theme into carbon=Trajectory
2	heat	gerund		charcoal				without much air; strongly property	vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

To change dead plants slowly into coal or into a black carbon layer over a very long time.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 change	mark
2	change	change	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	dead	dead	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 plants	amod
4	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 change	obj
5	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	2 change	advmod
6	into	into	ADP	_	7 coal	case
7	coal	coal	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 change	obl
8	or	or	CCONJ	_	13 layer	cc
9	into	into	ADP	_	13 layer	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 layer	det
11	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 layer	amod
12	carbon	carbon	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 layer	compound
13	layer	layer	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 coal	conj
14	over	over	ADP	_	18 time	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 time	det
16	very	very	ADV	_	17 long	advmod
17	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 time	amod
18	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 change	obl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 change	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change	to-infinitive		dead plants			time	into coal or a black carbon layer result; slowly property	vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.result»: agent=Agent plant=Patient into coal=Result

Meaning 3

Usage: cooking, joking — kept apart, not parsed.

To burn food so badly that it goes black and hard.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 burn	mark
2	burn	burn	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 burn	obj
4	so	so	ADV	_	5 badly	advmod
5	badly	badly	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 burn	advmod
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 goes	mark
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 goes	nsubj
8	goes	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 burn	advcl
9	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 goes	xcomp
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 hard	cc
11	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 black	conj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 burn	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	burn	to-infinitive		food				badly property	vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent food=Theme
2	go	present	food					black property	vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 1

Charcoal is made by carbonising wood in a kiln with little air.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Charcoal	charcoal	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 made	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 made	aux:pass
3	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	SCONJ	_	5 carbonising	mark
5	carbonising	carbonis	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 made	advcl
6	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 carbonising	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 kiln	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 kiln	det
9	kiln	kiln	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 carbonising	obl
10	with	with	ADP	_	12 air	case
11	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 air	amod
12	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 carbonising	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · passive		Charcoal					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
2	carbonis	gerund		wood		a kiln		with little air	tree rules

Example 2

Over millions of years the buried ferns were carbonised into coal.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Over	over	ADP	_	2 millions	case
2	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 carbonised	obl
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 years	case
4	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 millions	nmod
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 ferns	det
6	buried	bury	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 ferns	amod
7	ferns	fern	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 carbonised	nsubj:pass
8	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 carbonised	aux:pass
9	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
10	into	into	ADP	_	11 coal	case
11	coal	coal	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 carbonised	obl
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 carbonised	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bury	participle							vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	carbonis	past · passive		the buried ferns		millions of years		into coal	tree rules

Example 3

Dad left the toast in too long and carbonised it.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 left	nsubj
2	left	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 toast	det
4	toast	toast	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 left	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	2 left	compound:prt
6	too	too	ADV	_	7 long	advmod
7	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 left	advmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 carbonised	cc
9	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 left	conj
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 carbonised	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 left	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leave in	past	Dad	the toast				long property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toast=Theme
2	carbonis	past	Dad not said here	toast					tree rules

Example 4

Archaeologists found carbonised grain in the old Roman oven.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Archaeologists	archaeologist	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 found	nsubj
2	found	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 grain	amod
4	grain	grain	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 found	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	9 oven	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 oven	det
7	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 oven	amod
8	Roman	roman	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 oven	amod
9	oven	oven	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 found	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 found	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find	past	Archaeologists	carbonised grain		the old Roman oven			vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grain=Topic
2	carbonis	participle							tree rules

Example 5

If you heat sugar too long, it starts to carbonise and smell bitter.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	If	if	SCONJ	_	3 heat	mark
2	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	3 heat	nsubj
3	heat	heat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 starts	advcl
4	sugar	sugar	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 heat	obj
5	too	too	ADV	_	6 long	advmod
6	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	3 heat	advmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 heat	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 starts	nsubj
9	starts	start	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	to	to	PART	_	11 carbonise	mark
11	carbonise	carbonise	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 starts	xcomp
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 smell	cc
13	smell	smell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 carbonise	conj
14	bitter	bitter	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 smell	xcomp
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 starts	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	heat a condition, not said to happen	present	you	sugar	long property	vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sugar=Patient
2	start	present	sugar			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
3	carbonise	to-infinitive	sugar not said here			tree rules
4	smell	infinitive	sugar not said here		bitter property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

Example 6

The fossil leaf was a thin carbonised film on the rock.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 leaf	det
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 leaf	compound
3	leaf	leaf	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 film	nsubj
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 film	cop
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 film	det
6	thin	thin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 film	amod
7	carbonised	carbonis	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 film	amod
8	film	film	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	on	on	ADP	_	11 rock	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 rock	det
11	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 film	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 film	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carbonis	participle							tree rules
2	is a	past	the fossil leaf	a thin carbonised film		the rock			tree rules

Example 7

Don't carbonise the marshmallows, just toast them golden.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 carbonise	aux
2	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 carbonise	advmod
3	carbonise	carbonise	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 marshmallows	det
5	marshmallows	marshmallow	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 carbonise	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 toast	punct
7	just	just	ADV	_	8 toast	advmod
8	toast	toast	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 carbonise	obl
9	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 toast	nmod
10	golden	golden	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 carbonise	parataxis
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 carbonise	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not carbonise	imperative · do-support	you not said here	the marshmallows				toast marshmallows obl	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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