challenging

Who acts: This, company, class, pupils, Climbing, He · What happens: need, behave, question, confront, be, take · To what, where: effort, challenging child, challenging look, challenging maths problem, lot, challenging behaviour · Speech: someone speaks here

«challenging» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: challenging in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

hard, needing effort or skill (a challenging puzzle).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 needing	punct
3	needing	need	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 hard	conj
4	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 needing	obj
5	or	or	CCONJ	_	6 skill	cc
6	skill	skill	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 effort	conj
7	(	(	PUNCT	_	10 puzzle	punct
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 puzzle	det
9	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 puzzle	amod
10	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 skill	appos
11	)	)	PUNCT	_	10 puzzle	punct
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 hard	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	need	gerund		effort or skill					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot effort=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: euphemism, jargon — kept apart, not parsed.

bad, very difficult, troublesome: a «challenging child» = badly behaved; a «challenging year» = an awful one.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	bad	bad	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 troublesome	amod
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 difficult	punct
3	very	very	ADV	_	4 difficult	advmod
4	difficult	difficult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 bad	conj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 troublesome	punct
6	troublesome	troublesome	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	6 troublesome	punct
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 child	det
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	11 child	punct
10	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 child	amod
11	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 troublesome	conj
12	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 child	punct
13	=	=	SYM	_	15 behaved	punct
14	badly	badly	ADV	Degree=Pos	15 behaved	advmod
15	behaved	behave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 child	acl:relcl
16	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 year	punct
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 year	det
18	«	«	PUNCT	_	20 year	punct
19	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 year	amod
20	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 child	parataxis
21	»	»	PUNCT	_	20 year	punct
22	=	=	SYM	_	25 one	punct
23	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	25 one	det
24	awful	awful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 one	amod
25	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 child	conj
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 troublesome	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	behave	participle		a challenging child and a awful one not said here				badly property	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent

Meaning 3

questioning or confronting (a challenging look).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	questioning	question	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	or	or	CCONJ	_	3 confronting	cc
3	confronting	confront	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 questioning	conj
4	(	(	PUNCT	_	7 look	punct
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 look	det
6	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 look	amod
7	look	look	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 confronting	obj
8	)	)	PUNCT	_	7 look	punct
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 questioning	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	question speech: other	gerund							vn interrogate-37.1.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	confront	gerund		a challenging look					vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent look=Theme

Example 1

This is a challenging maths problem; take your time.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	This	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 problem	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 problem	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 problem	det
4	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 problem	amod
5	maths	math	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 problem	compound
6	problem	problem	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	8 take	punct
8	take	take	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	6 problem	parataxis
9	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 time	nmod:poss
10	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 take	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 problem	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	This	a challenging maths problem					tree rules
2	take	infinitive					time		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Example 2

The company had a challenging year (it lost a lot of money).

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 company	det
2	company	company	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 had	nsubj
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 year	det
5	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 year	amod
6	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 had	obj
7	(	(	PUNCT	_	9 lost	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 lost	nsubj
9	lost	lose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 had	parataxis
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 lot	det
11	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 lost	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 money	case
13	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 lot	nmod
14	)	)	PUNCT	_	9 lost	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	the company				year		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	lose	past	company	a lot of money					vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Eventuality

Example 3

The class has some challenging behaviour (some pupils misbehave).

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 class	det
2	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	6 behaviour	det
5	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 behaviour	amod
6	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	obj
7	(	(	PUNCT	_	10 misbehave	punct
8	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	9 pupils	det
9	pupils	pupil	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 misbehave	nsubj
10	misbehave	misbehave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 behaviour	acl:relcl
11	)	)	PUNCT	_	10 misbehave	punct
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	the class	some challenging behaviour					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent behaviour=Patient
2	misbehave	present	some pupils	some challenging behaviour not said here					tree rules

Example 4

Climbing the mountain was challenging but fun.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Climbing	climb	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 challenging	csubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 mountain	det
3	mountain	mountain	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Climbing	obj
4	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 challenging	cop
5	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	but	but	CCONJ	_	7 fun	cc
7	fun	fun	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 challenging	conj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 challenging	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	climb	gerund		the mountain		vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location mountain=Theme
2	is	past	Climbing		challenging property	tree rules
3	be		Climbing not said here			tree rules

Example 5

He gave the teacher a challenging stare.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 gave	nsubj
2	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 teacher	det
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 gave	iobj
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 stare	det
6	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 stare	amod
7	stare	stare	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 gave	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 gave	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	past	He	a challenging stare	the teacher				vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Recipient stare=Theme

Example 6

The news report called the weather «challenging»: a storm closed the roads.

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 report	det
2	news	news	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 report	compound
3	report	report	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 storm	nsubj
4	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 report	acl
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 weather	det
6	weather	weather	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 called	obj
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	8 challenging	punct
8	challenging	challenging	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 weather	amod
9	»	»	PUNCT	_	8 challenging	punct
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	12 storm	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 storm	det
12	storm	storm	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
13	closed	close	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 storm	acl
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 roads	det
15	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 closed	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	12 storm	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	call	participle	the news report not said here	the weather					vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent weather=Recipient
2	close	participle	a storm not said here	the roads					vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient

Example 7

Report: «Sam can find group work challenging.»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Report	report	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	:	:	PUNCT	_	6 find	punct
3	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 find	punct
4	Sam	Sam	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 find	nsubj
5	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 find	aux
6	find	find	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Report	acl:relcl
7	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 work	compound
8	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 find	obj
9	challenging	challenge	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 work	acl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 find	punct
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 find	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find in a quote	can	Sam	group work					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Topic
2	challenge in a quote	gerund	group work not said here						tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/C/challenging/