courtship Who acts: animals, two people, someone, peacock, Male birds, penguins · What happens: use, attract, sing, show off, bring, dance · To what, where: Special behaviour, mate, bright feathers, gifts, peacock, each · Speech: someone speaks here
«courtship» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: courtship in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.
Special behaviour that animals use to attract a mate, such as dancing, singing, showing off bright feathers or bringing gifts: «the courtship dance of the peacock».
The tree, 26 words amod obl:unmarked obj nsubj mark advcl det obj punct case fixed conj punct advcl punct advcl compound:prt amod obj cc conj obj punct punct det compound obl case det nmod punct punct root Special ADJ behaviour NOUN that PRON animals NOUN use VERB to PART attract VERB a DET mate NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP dancing NOUN , PUNCT singing VERB , PUNCT showing VERB off ADP bright ADJ feathers NOUN or CCONJ bringing VERB gifts NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET courtship NOUN dance NOUN of ADP the DET peacock NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Special special ADJ Degree=Pos 2 behaviour amod 2 behaviour behaviour NOUN Number=Sing 5 use obl:unmarked 3 that that PRON PronType=Rel 5 use obj 4 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 5 use nsubj 5 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 7 attract mark 7 attract attract VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 use advcl 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 mate det 9 mate mate NOUN Number=Sing 7 attract obj 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 dancing punct 11 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 13 dancing case 12 as as ADP _ 11 such fixed 13 dancing dancing NOUN Number=Sing 9 mate conj 14 , , PUNCT _ 15 singing punct 15 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 7 attract advcl 16 , , PUNCT _ 17 showing punct 17 showing show VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 use advcl 18 off off ADP _ 17 showing compound:prt 19 bright bright ADJ Degree=Pos 20 feathers amod 20 feathers feather NOUN Number=Plur 17 showing obj 21 or or CCONJ _ 22 bringing cc 22 bringing bring VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 17 showing conj 23 gifts gift NOUN Number=Plur 22 bringing obj 24 : : PUNCT _ 28 dance punct 25 « « PUNCT _ 28 dance punct 26 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 28 dance det 27 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 28 dance compound 28 dance dance NOUN Number=Sing 5 use obl 29 of of ADP _ 31 peacock case 30 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 31 peacock det 31 peacock peacock NOUN Number=Sing 28 dance nmod 32 » » PUNCT _ 28 dance punct 33 . . PUNCT _ 5 use punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present animals Special behaviour the courtship dance of the peacock obl vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient 2 attract to-infinitive animals not said here a mate and dancing vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mate=Patient 3 sing speech: express gerund animals not said here vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 show off gerund animals not said here bright feathers vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent feather=Recipient 5 bring gerund animals not said here gifts vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent gift=Theme 6 dance in a quote the peacock nom dance «communication transitive»: of=patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.
The time when two people are getting to know each other romantically before getting married.
The tree, 15 words det obl:unmarked advmod nummod nsubj aux mark xcomp obj fixed advmod mark aux:pass ccomp punct root The DET time NOUN when ADV two NUM people NOUN are AUX getting VERB to PART know VERB each DET other ADJ romantically ADV before SCONJ getting AUX married VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 time det 2 time time NOUN Number=Sing 7 getting obl:unmarked 3 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 getting advmod 4 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 people nummod 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur 7 getting nsubj 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 getting aux 7 getting get VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 8 to to PART _ 9 know mark 9 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 getting xcomp 10 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 9 know obj 11 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 10 each fixed 12 romantically romantically ADV _ 9 know advmod 13 before before SCONJ _ 15 married mark 14 getting get AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 married aux:pass 15 married marry VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 9 know ccomp 16 . . PUNCT _ 7 getting punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present · progressive two people time vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 2 know to-infinitive two people not said here each romantically property tree rules 3 marry gerund · passive vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V»
Meaning 3 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
Trying hard to win someone's support or favour: «the company's courtship of new customers».
The tree, 16 words advmod mark xcomp nmod:poss case obj cc conj punct punct det nmod:poss case appos case amod nmod punct punct root Trying VERB hard ADV to PART win VERB someone PRON 's PART support NOUN or CCONJ favour NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET company NOUN 's PART courtship NOUN of ADP new ADJ customers NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Trying try VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 hard hard ADV Degree=Pos 1 Trying advmod 3 to to PART _ 4 win mark 4 win win VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Trying xcomp 5 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 support nmod:poss 6 's 's PART _ 5 someone case 7 support support NOUN Number=Sing 4 win obj 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 favour cc 9 favour favour NOUN Number=Sing 7 support conj 10 : : PUNCT _ 15 courtship punct 11 « « PUNCT _ 15 courtship punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 company det 13 company company NOUN Number=Sing 15 courtship nmod:poss 14 's 's PART _ 13 company case 15 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 7 support appos 16 of of ADP _ 18 customers case 17 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 18 customers amod 18 customers customer NOUN Number=Plur 15 courtship nmod 19 » » PUNCT _ 15 courtship punct 20 . . PUNCT _ 1 Trying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 try gerund hard property vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 win not said to happen to-infinitive someone's support or favour vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent support=Eventuality 3 support someone nom support «act transitive»: poss=agent
Example 1 The peacock spreads its tail in a courtship display.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj case det compound obl punct root The DET peacock NOUN spreads VERB its PRON tail NOUN in ADP a DET courtship NOUN display NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 peacock det 2 peacock peacock NOUN Number=Sing 3 spreads nsubj 3 spreads spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 tail nmod:poss 5 tail tail NOUN Number=Sing 3 spreads obj 6 in in ADP _ 9 display case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 display det 8 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 9 display compound 9 display display NOUN Number=Sing 3 spreads obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 spreads punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread present the peacock peacock's tail a courtship display vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent tail=Theme in display=Destination
Example 2 Male birds sing in spring as part of courtship.
amod nsubj case obl case obl case nmod punct root Male ADJ birds NOUN sing VERB in ADP spring NOUN as ADP part NOUN of ADP courtship NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Male male ADJ Degree=Pos 2 birds amod 2 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 3 sing nsubj 3 sing sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 5 spring case 5 spring spring NOUN Number=Sing 3 sing obl 6 as as ADP _ 7 part case 7 part part NOUN Number=Sing 3 sing obl 8 of of ADP _ 9 courtship case 9 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 7 part nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 sing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present Male birds spring as part of courtship vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location
Example 3 Some penguins give a pebble as a courtship gift.
det nsubj det obj case det compound obl punct root Some DET penguins NOUN give VERB a DET pebble NOUN as ADP a DET courtship NOUN gift NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 penguins det 2 penguins penguin NOUN Number=Plur 3 give nsubj 3 give give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 pebble det 5 pebble pebble NOUN Number=Sing 3 give obj 6 as as ADP _ 9 gift case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 gift det 8 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 9 gift compound 9 gift gift NOUN Number=Sing 3 give obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 give punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give present some penguins a pebble as a courtship gift vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pebble=Theme
Example 4 In the old novel, their courtship lasted three years.
case det amod obl punct nmod:poss nsubj nummod obl:unmarked punct root In ADP the DET old ADJ novel NOUN , PUNCT their PRON courtship NOUN lasted VERB three NUM years NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 4 novel case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 novel det 3 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 novel amod 4 novel novel NOUN Number=Sing 8 lasted obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 novel punct 6 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 courtship nmod:poss 7 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 8 lasted nsubj 8 lasted last VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 years nummod 10 years year NOUN Number=Plur 8 lasted obl:unmarked 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 lasted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 last past their courtship the old novel year vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme
Example 5 Bowerbirds decorate their bowers with blue things during courtship.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case amod obl case obl punct root Bowerbirds NOUN decorate VERB their PRON bowers NOUN with ADP blue ADJ things NOUN during ADP courtship NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bowerbirds bowerbird NOUN Number=Plur 2 decorate nsubj 2 decorate decorate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 bowers nmod:poss 4 bowers bower NOUN Number=Plur 2 decorate obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 things case 6 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 7 things amod 7 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 2 decorate obl 8 during during ADP _ 9 courtship case 9 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 2 decorate obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 decorate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decorate present Bowerbirds Bowerbirds's bowers during courtship with blue things vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent bower=Destination with thing=Theme
Example 6 Great crested grebes do a famous courtship dance on the water.
amod amod nsubj det amod compound obj case det obl punct root Great ADJ crested ADJ grebes NOUN do VERB a DET famous ADJ courtship NOUN dance NOUN on ADP the DET water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Great great ADJ Degree=Pos 3 grebes amod 2 crested crested ADJ Degree=Pos 3 grebes amod 3 grebes grebe NOUN Number=Plur 4 do nsubj 4 do do VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 dance det 6 famous famous ADJ Degree=Pos 8 dance amod 7 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 8 dance compound 8 dance dance NOUN Number=Sing 4 do obj 9 on on ADP _ 11 water case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 water det 11 water water NOUN Number=Sing 4 do obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 do punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do present Great crested grebes a famous courtship dance the water vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dance=Eventuality
Example 7 Scientists filmed the frogs' courtship calls at night.
nsubj det nmod:poss case compound obj case obl punct root Scientists NOUN filmed VERB the DET frogs NOUN ' PART courtship NOUN calls NOUN at ADP night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 filmed nsubj 2 filmed film VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 frogs det 4 frogs frog NOUN Number=Plur 7 calls nmod:poss 5 ' 's PART _ 4 frogs case 6 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing 7 calls compound 7 calls call NOUN Number=Plur 2 filmed obj 8 at at ADP _ 9 night case 9 night night NOUN Number=Sing 2 filmed obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 filmed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 film past Scientists the frogs's courtship calls night vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent call=Theme 2 call the frogs nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 8 This was his courtship, and it lasted all through the summer.
nsubj cop nmod:poss punct cc nsubj acl:relcl advmod case det obl punct root This PRON was AUX his PRON courtship NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ it PRON lasted VERB all ADV through ADP the DET summer NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 4 courtship nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 courtship cop 3 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 courtship nmod:poss 4 courtship courtship NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 lasted punct 6 and and CCONJ _ 8 lasted cc 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 lasted nsubj 8 lasted last VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 courtship acl:relcl 9 all all ADV _ 12 summer advmod 10 through through ADP _ 12 summer case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 summer det 12 summer summer NOUN Number=Sing 8 lasted obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 courtship punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past This his courtship tree rules 2 last past courtship his courtship not said here summer vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme courtship=Value
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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