cuttlefish Who acts: cuttlefish, hard flat shell, It, We, budgie, Giant cuttlefish · What happens: be, relate, call, change, hide, send · To what, where: sea animal, cuttlebone, colour, flash, messages, rocks · Speech: someone speaks here
«cuttlefish» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cuttlefish in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A cuttlefish is a sea animal related to the squid and octopus, with a wide flat body, eight arms, two long tentacles, a fin around its body and a hard flat shell inside called a cuttlebone.
The tree, 36 words det nsubj cop det compound acl case det obl cc conj punct case det amod amod conj punct nummod conj punct nummod amod conj punct det conj case nmod:poss nmod cc det amod amod conj advmod acl det xcomp punct root A DET cuttlefish NOUN is AUX a DET sea NOUN animal NOUN related VERB to ADP the DET squid NOUN and CCONJ octopus NOUN , PUNCT with ADP a DET wide ADJ flat ADJ body NOUN , PUNCT eight NUM arms NOUN , PUNCT two NUM long ADJ tentacles NOUN , PUNCT a DET fin NOUN around ADP its PRON body NOUN and CCONJ a DET hard ADJ flat ADJ shell NOUN inside ADV called VERB a DET cuttlebone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cuttlefish det 2 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 animal cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 animal det 5 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal compound 6 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 related relate VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 animal acl 8 to to ADP _ 10 squid case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 squid det 10 squid squid NOUN Number=Sing 7 related obl 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 octopus cc 12 octopus octopus NOUN Number=Sing 10 squid conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 18 body punct 14 with with ADP _ 18 body case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 body det 16 wide wide ADJ Degree=Pos 18 body amod 17 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 18 body amod 18 body body NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal conj 19 , , PUNCT _ 21 arms punct 20 eight eight NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 21 arms nummod 21 arms arm NOUN Number=Plur 18 body conj 22 , , PUNCT _ 25 tentacles punct 23 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 25 tentacles nummod 24 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 25 tentacles amod 25 tentacles tentacle NOUN Number=Plur 18 body conj 26 , , PUNCT _ 28 fin punct 27 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 28 fin det 28 fin fin NOUN Number=Sing 6 animal conj 29 around around ADP _ 31 body case 30 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 31 body nmod:poss 31 body body NOUN Number=Sing 28 fin nmod 32 and and CCONJ _ 36 shell cc 33 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 36 shell det 34 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 36 shell amod 35 flat flat ADJ Degree=Pos 36 shell amod 36 shell shell NOUN Number=Sing 28 fin conj 37 inside inside ADV _ 38 called advmod 38 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 36 shell acl 39 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 40 cuttlebone det 40 cuttlebone cuttlebone NOUN Number=Sing 38 called xcomp 41 . . PUNCT _ 6 animal punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a cuttlefish a sea animal and a wide flat body and eight arms and two long tentacles and a fin around cuttlefish's body and a hard flat shell tree rules 2 relate participle a sea animal and a wide flat body and eight arms and two long tentacles and a fin around cuttlefish's body and a hard flat shell not said here to the squid and octopus vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to squid=Co-Theme 3 call participle a hard flat shell not said here a cuttlebone inside property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 It can change its colour and pattern in a flash to hide or to send messages.
The tree, 16 words nsubj aux nmod:poss obj cc conj case det obl mark advcl cc mark conj obj punct root It PRON can AUX change VERB its PRON colour NOUN and CCONJ pattern NOUN in ADP a DET flash NOUN to PART hide VERB or CCONJ to PART send VERB messages NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 change nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 change aux 3 change change VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 colour nmod:poss 5 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 3 change obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 pattern cc 7 pattern pattern NOUN Number=Sing 5 colour conj 8 in in ADP _ 10 flash case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 flash det 10 flash flash NOUN Number=Sing 3 change obl 11 to to PART _ 12 hide mark 12 hide hide VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 change advcl 13 or or CCONJ _ 15 send cc 14 to to PART _ 15 send mark 15 send send VERB VerbForm=Inf 12 hide conj 16 messages message NOUN Number=Plur 15 send obj 17 . . PUNCT _ 3 change punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 change can It its colour and pattern a flash vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient 2 hide to-infinitive vn concealment-16-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 send to-infinitive messages vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme
Example 1 The cuttlefish changed colour to match the rocks.
det nsubj obj mark advcl det obj punct root The DET cuttlefish NOUN changed VERB colour NOUN to PART match VERB the DET rocks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 cuttlefish det 2 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Sing 3 changed nsubj 3 changed change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 3 changed obj 5 to to PART _ 6 match mark 6 match match VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 changed advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 rocks det 8 rocks rock NOUN Number=Plur 6 match obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 changed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 change past the cuttlefish colour vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient 2 match to-infinitive the cuttlefish not said here the rocks vn amalgamate-22.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Patient
Example 2 A cuttlefish squirts ink when it is scared.
det nsubj obj mark nsubj cop advcl punct root A DET cuttlefish NOUN squirts VERB ink NOUN when SCONJ it PRON is AUX scared ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cuttlefish det 2 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Sing 3 squirts nsubj 3 squirts squirt VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 ink ink NOUN Number=Sing 3 squirts obj 5 when when SCONJ _ 8 scared mark 6 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 scared nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 scared cop 8 scared scared ADJ Degree=Pos 3 squirts advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 squirts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 squirt present a cuttlefish ink vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent ink=Theme 2 is present cuttlefish scared property tree rules
Example 3 We found a white cuttlebone on the beach.
nsubj det amod obj case det obl punct root We PRON found VERB a DET white ADJ cuttlebone NOUN on ADP the DET beach NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 found nsubj 2 found find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 cuttlebone det 4 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 5 cuttlebone amod 5 cuttlebone cuttlebone NOUN Number=Sing 2 found obj 6 on on ADP _ 8 beach case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 beach det 8 beach beach NOUN Number=Sing 2 found obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 found punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find past We a white cuttlebone the beach vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cuttlebone=Topic
Example 4 The budgie pecks at its cuttlebone.
det nsubj case nmod:poss obl punct root The DET budgie NOUN pecks VERB at ADP its PRON cuttlebone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 budgie det 2 budgie budgie NOUN Number=Sing 3 pecks nsubj 3 pecks peck VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 at at ADP _ 6 cuttlebone case 5 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 cuttlebone nmod:poss 6 cuttlebone cuttlebone NOUN Number=Sing 3 pecks obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 pecks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 peck present the budgie at budgie's cuttlebone vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at cuttlebone=Patient
Example 5 Cuttlefish flash stripes of colour to hypnotise their prey.
nsubj obj case nmod mark advcl nmod:poss obj punct root Cuttlefish NOUN flash VERB stripes NOUN of ADP colour NOUN to PART hypnotise VERB their PRON prey NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Plur 2 flash nsubj 2 flash flash VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 stripes stripe NOUN Number=Plur 2 flash obj 4 of of ADP _ 5 colour case 5 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 3 stripes nmod 6 to to PART _ 7 hypnotise mark 7 hypnotise hypnotise VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 flash advcl 8 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 prey nmod:poss 9 prey prey NOUN Number=Sing 7 hypnotise obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 flash punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 flash present Cuttlefish stripes of colour vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent stripe=Theme 2 hypnotise to-infinitive Cuttlefish not said here Cuttlefish's prey tree rules
Example 6 Giant cuttlefish gather near Whyalla in South Australia.
amod nsubj case obl case compound obl punct root Giant ADJ cuttlefish NOUN gather VERB near ADP Whyalla PROPN in ADP South PROPN Australia PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Giant giant ADJ Degree=Pos 2 cuttlefish amod 2 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Plur 3 gather nsubj 3 gather gather VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 near near ADP _ 5 Whyalla case 5 Whyalla Whyalla PROPN Number=Sing 3 gather obl 6 in in ADP _ 8 Australia case 7 South South PROPN Number=Sing 8 Australia compound 8 Australia Australia PROPN Number=Sing 3 gather obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 gather punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gather present Giant cuttlefish Whyalla in South Australia vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 A cuttlefish has eight arms and two longer tentacles.
det nsubj nummod obj cc nummod amod conj punct root A DET cuttlefish NOUN has VERB eight NUM arms NOUN and CCONJ two NUM longer ADJ tentacles NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cuttlefish det 2 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 eight eight NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 arms nummod 5 arms arm NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 9 tentacles cc 7 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 tentacles nummod 8 longer long ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 tentacles amod 9 tentacles tentacle NOUN Number=Plur 5 arms conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present a cuttlefish eight arms and two longer tentacles vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient
Example 8 Despite its name, a cuttlefish is not a fish.
case nmod:poss obl punct det nsubj cop advmod det punct root Despite ADP its PRON name NOUN , PUNCT a DET cuttlefish NOUN is AUX not PART a DET fish NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Despite despite ADP _ 3 name case 2 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 name nmod:poss 3 name name NOUN Number=Sing 10 fish obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 name punct 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 cuttlefish det 6 cuttlefish cuttlefish NOUN Number=Sing 10 fish nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 fish cop 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 10 fish advmod 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 fish det 10 fish fish NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 . . PUNCT _ 10 fish punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is a present a cuttlefish a fish despite its name tree rules 2 name its = it nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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