decoding Who acts: Decoding, written word, changing, spies, team, We · What happens: mean, turn, read, sound out, work out, write · To what, where: secret code, normal words, Decoding, letters, reading, computing · Speech: someone speaks here
«decoding» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: decoding in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Decoding means turning a secret code or message back into normal words so it can be read.
The tree, 17 words nsubj xcomp det amod obj cc conj advmod case amod obl mark nsubj:pass aux aux:pass advcl punct root Decoding NOUN means VERB turning VERB a DET secret ADJ code NOUN or CCONJ message NOUN back ADV into ADP normal ADJ words NOUN so SCONJ it PRON can AUX be AUX read VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Decoding decoding NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 turning turn VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 means xcomp 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 code det 5 secret secret ADJ Degree=Pos 6 code amod 6 code code NOUN Number=Sing 3 turning obj 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 message cc 8 message message NOUN Number=Sing 6 code conj 9 back back ADV _ 8 message advmod 10 into into ADP _ 12 words case 11 normal normal ADJ Degree=Pos 12 words amod 12 words word NOUN Number=Plur 3 turning obl 13 so so SCONJ _ 17 read mark 14 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 read nsubj:pass 15 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 17 read aux 16 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 17 read aux:pass 17 read read VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 turning advcl 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Decoding vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 turn not said to happen gerund Decoding not said here a secret code or message normal words vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent code=Theme into word=Trajectory 3 read can · passive Decoding vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 In reading, decoding is sounding out letters to work out what a written word says.
The tree, 15 words case obl punct nsubj aux compound:prt obj mark advcl compound:prt obj det amod nsubj ccomp punct root In ADP reading NOUN , PUNCT decoding NOUN is AUX sounding VERB out ADP letters NOUN to PART work VERB out ADP what PRON a DET written VERB word NOUN says VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 reading case 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 6 sounding obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 reading punct 4 decoding decoding NOUN Number=Sing 6 sounding nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 sounding aux 6 sounding sound VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 7 out out ADP _ 6 sounding compound:prt 8 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 6 sounding obj 9 to to PART _ 10 work mark 10 work work VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 sounding advcl 11 out out ADP _ 10 work compound:prt 12 what what PRON PronType=Int 16 says obj 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 word det 14 written write VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 15 word amod 15 word word NOUN Number=Sing 16 says nsubj 16 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 work ccomp 17 . . PUNCT _ 6 sounding punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sound out present · progressive decoding letters reading vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location letter=Theme 2 work out to-infinitive decoding not said here vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 write participle vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 say speech: assert present a written word vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic
Meaning 3 In computing, decoding means changing data from one form into one people or machines can use, like turning a file into a video.
The tree, 23 words case obl punct nsubj csubj obj case nummod obl case nummod obl cc conj aux ccomp punct mark advcl det obj case det obl punct root In ADP computing NOUN , PUNCT decoding NOUN means VERB changing VERB data NOUN from ADP one NUM form NOUN into ADP one NUM people NOUN or CCONJ machines NOUN can AUX use VERB , PUNCT like SCONJ turning VERB a DET file NOUN into ADP a DET video NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 computing case 2 computing computing NOUN Number=Sing 5 means obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 computing punct 4 decoding decoding NOUN Number=Sing 5 means nsubj 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 changing change VERB VerbForm=Ger 17 use csubj 7 data data NOUN Number=Sing 6 changing obj 8 from from ADP _ 10 form case 9 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 10 form nummod 10 form form NOUN Number=Sing 6 changing obl 11 into into ADP _ 13 people case 12 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 13 people nummod 13 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 changing obl 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 machines cc 15 machines machine NOUN Number=Plur 13 people conj 16 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 17 use aux 17 use use VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means ccomp 18 , , PUNCT _ 20 turning punct 19 like like SCONJ _ 20 turning mark 20 turning turn VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 17 use advcl 21 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 22 file det 22 file file NOUN Number=Sing 20 turning obj 23 into into ADP _ 25 video case 24 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 25 video det 25 video video NOUN Number=Sing 20 turning obl 26 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present decoding computing vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 change gerund data one form into one people or machines result vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V NP.patient PP.material PP.result»: agent=Agent data=Patient from form=Initial_State into people=Result 3 use can changing vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 turn gerund changing not said here a file a video vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent file=Theme into video=Trajectory
Example 1 Decoding new words gets easier with practice.
csubj amod obj xcomp case obl punct root Decoding VERB new ADJ words NOUN gets VERB easier ADJ with ADP practice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Decoding decode VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 gets csubj 2 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 3 words amod 3 words word NOUN Number=Plur 1 Decoding obj 4 gets get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 easier easy ADJ Degree=Cmp 4 gets xcomp 6 with with ADP _ 7 practice case 7 practice practice NOUN Number=Sing 5 easier obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 gets punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decode gerund new words tree rules 2 get present Decoding easy property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
Example 2 The spies were decoding the secret message all night.
det nsubj aux det amod obj det obl:unmarked punct root The DET spies NOUN were AUX decoding VERB the DET secret ADJ message NOUN all DET night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 spies det 2 spies spy NOUN Number=Plur 4 decoding nsubj 3 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 decoding aux 4 decoding decode VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 message det 6 secret secret ADJ Degree=Pos 7 message amod 7 message message NOUN Number=Sing 4 decoding obj 8 all all DET PronType=Tot 9 night det 9 night night NOUN Number=Sing 4 decoding obl:unmarked 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 decoding punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decode past · progressive the spies the secret message night tree rules
Example 3 Alan Turing's team worked on decoding enemy codes.
nmod:poss flat case nsubj mark advcl compound obj punct root Alan PROPN Turing PROPN 's PART team NOUN worked VERB on SCONJ decoding VERB enemy NOUN codes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Alan Alan PROPN Number=Sing 4 team nmod:poss 2 Turing Turing PROPN Number=Sing 1 Alan flat 3 's 's PART _ 1 Alan case 4 team team NOUN Number=Sing 5 worked nsubj 5 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 on on SCONJ _ 7 decoding mark 7 decoding decode VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 worked advcl 8 enemy enemy NOUN Number=Sing 9 codes compound 9 codes code NOUN Number=Plur 7 decoding obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 worked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work past Alan's team vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 decode gerund Alan's team not said here enemy codes tree rules
Example 4 We used a key to decoding the pirate's map.
nsubj det obj mark advcl det nmod:poss case obj punct root We PRON used VERB a DET key NOUN to SCONJ decoding VERB the DET pirate NOUN 's PART map NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 used nsubj 2 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 key det 4 key key NOUN Number=Sing 2 used obj 5 to to SCONJ _ 6 decoding mark 6 decoding decode VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 used advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 pirate det 8 pirate pirate NOUN Number=Sing 10 map nmod:poss 9 's 's PART _ 8 pirate case 10 map map NOUN Number=Sing 6 decoding obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past We a key vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent key=Patient 2 decode gerund We not said here the pirate's map tree rules
Example 5 My little brother is good at decoding but slower at understanding.
nmod:poss amod nsubj cop mark advcl cc conj case obl punct root My PRON little ADJ brother NOUN is AUX good ADJ at SCONJ decoding VERB but CCONJ slower ADJ at ADP understanding NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 brother nmod:poss 2 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 3 brother amod 3 brother brother NOUN Number=Sing 5 good nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 good cop 5 good good ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 at at SCONJ _ 7 decoding mark 7 decoding decode VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 good advcl 8 but but CCONJ _ 9 slower cc 9 slower slow ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 good conj 10 at at ADP _ 11 understanding case 11 understanding understanding NOUN Number=Sing 9 slower obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 good punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present My little brother good property tree rules 2 decode gerund My little brother not said here tree rules 3 be My little brother not said here understanding tree rules
Example 6 The computer is decoding the video so it can play.
det nsubj aux det obj mark nsubj aux advcl punct root The DET computer NOUN is AUX decoding VERB the DET video NOUN so SCONJ it PRON can AUX play VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 computer det 2 computer computer NOUN Number=Sing 4 decoding nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 decoding aux 4 decoding decode VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 video det 6 video video NOUN Number=Sing 4 decoding obj 7 so so SCONJ _ 10 play mark 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 play nsubj 9 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 10 play aux 10 play play VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 decoding advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 decoding punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decode present · progressive the computer the video tree rules 2 play can computer vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 Decoding the number puzzle took us twenty minutes.
csubj det compound obj iobj nummod obj punct root Decoding VERB the DET number NOUN puzzle NOUN took VERB us PRON twenty NUM minutes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Decoding decode VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 took csubj 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 puzzle det 3 number number NOUN Number=Sing 4 puzzle compound 4 puzzle puzzle NOUN Number=Sing 1 Decoding obj 5 took take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 took iobj 7 twenty twenty NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 minutes nummod 8 minutes minute NOUN Number=Plur 5 took obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 took punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 decode gerund the number puzzle tree rules 2 take past Decoding us minute vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument we=Destination
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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