disinformation Who acts: Disinformation, people, It, misinformation, fake video, you · What happens: be, spread, trick, change, think, vote · To what, where: false information, purpose, people, misinformation, part, social media · Speech: someone speaks here
«disinformation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: disinformation in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Disinformation is false information that is spread on purpose to trick people, often to change what they think or how they vote.
The tree, 22 words nsubj cop amod nsubj:pass aux:pass acl:relcl case obl mark advcl obj punct advmod mark parataxis obj nsubj ccomp cc advmod nsubj conj punct root Disinformation NOUN is AUX false ADJ information NOUN that PRON is AUX spread VERB on ADP purpose NOUN to PART trick VERB people NOUN , PUNCT often ADV to PART change VERB what PRON they PRON think VERB or CCONJ how ADV they PRON vote VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 4 information nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 information cop 3 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 4 information amod 4 information information NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 spread nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 spread aux:pass 7 spread spread VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 information acl:relcl 8 on on ADP _ 9 purpose case 9 purpose purpose NOUN Number=Sing 7 spread obl 10 to to PART _ 11 trick mark 11 trick trick VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 spread advcl 12 people people NOUN Number=Plur 11 trick obj 13 , , PUNCT _ 16 change punct 14 often often ADV _ 16 change advmod 15 to to PART _ 16 change mark 16 change change VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 4 information parataxis 17 what what PRON PronType=Int 19 think obj 18 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 19 think nsubj 19 think think VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 change ccomp 20 or or CCONJ _ 23 vote cc 21 how how ADV PronType=Int 23 vote advmod 22 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 23 vote nsubj 23 vote vote VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 think conj 24 . . PUNCT _ 4 information punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Disinformation false information tree rules 2 spread present · passive false information purpose vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme on purpose=Destination 3 trick to-infinitive people vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient 4 change to-infinitive often property tree rules 5 think speech: other present people vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot what=Theme 6 vote present people vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 It is different from misinformation, which is false information spread by mistake.
nsubj cop case obl punct nsubj cop amod appos acl case obl punct root It PRON is AUX different ADJ from ADP misinformation NOUN , PUNCT which PRON is AUX false ADJ information NOUN spread VERB by ADP mistake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 different nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 different cop 3 different different ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 from from ADP _ 5 misinformation case 5 misinformation misinformation NOUN Number=Sing 3 different obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 10 information punct 7 which which PRON PronType=Rel 10 information nsubj 8 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 information cop 9 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 10 information amod 10 information information NOUN Number=Sing 5 misinformation appos 11 spread spread VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 information acl 12 by by ADP _ 13 mistake case 13 mistake mistake NOUN Number=Sing 11 spread obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 different punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present It misinformation different property tree rules 2 is a present misinformation false information tree rules 3 spread participle false information not said here by mistake vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by mistake=Location
Example 1 The fake video was part of a disinformation campaign.
det amod nsubj cop case det compound nmod punct root The DET fake ADJ video NOUN was AUX part NOUN of ADP a DET disinformation NOUN campaign NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 video det 2 fake fake ADJ Degree=Pos 3 video amod 3 video video NOUN Number=Sing 5 part nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 part cop 5 part part NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 9 campaign case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 campaign det 8 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 9 campaign compound 9 campaign campaign NOUN Number=Sing 5 part nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 part punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past the fake video part of a disinformation campaign tree rules
Example 2 Disinformation spreads fast on social media.
nsubj advmod case amod obl punct root Disinformation NOUN spreads VERB fast ADV on ADP social ADJ media NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 2 spreads nsubj 2 spreads spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 fast fast ADV Degree=Pos 2 spreads advmod 4 on on ADP _ 6 media case 5 social social ADJ Degree=Pos 6 media amod 6 media media NOUN Number=Sing 2 spreads obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 spreads punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread present Disinformation social media fast property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on media=Location
Example 3 Always check a story with trusted sources to avoid disinformation.
advmod det obj case amod obl mark advcl obj punct root Always ADV check VERB a DET story NOUN with ADP trusted VERB sources NOUN to PART avoid VERB disinformation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Always always ADV PronType=Tot 2 check advmod 2 check check VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 story det 4 story story NOUN Number=Sing 2 check obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 sources case 6 trusted trust VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 sources amod 7 sources source NOUN Number=Plur 2 check obl 8 to to PART _ 9 avoid mark 9 avoid avoid VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 check advcl 10 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 9 avoid obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 check punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 check imperative you not said here a story with trusted sources; always property vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Theme 2 trust participle vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 avoid to-infinitive you not said here disinformation vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent disinformation=Location
Example 4 The website was shut down for spreading disinformation.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass compound:prt mark advcl obj punct root The DET website NOUN was AUX shut VERB down ADP for SCONJ spreading VERB disinformation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 website det 2 website website NOUN Number=Sing 4 shut nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 shut aux:pass 4 shut shut VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 down down ADP _ 4 shut compound:prt 6 for for SCONJ _ 7 spreading mark 7 spreading spread VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 shut advcl 8 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 7 spreading obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 shut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 shut down past · passive the website vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient 2 spread gerund disinformation vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location disinformation=Theme
Example 5 During the war, both sides were accused of disinformation.
case det obl punct det nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root During ADP the DET war NOUN , PUNCT both DET sides NOUN were AUX accused VERB of ADP disinformation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 During during ADP _ 3 war case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 war det 3 war war NOUN Number=Sing 8 accused obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 war punct 5 both both DET PronType=Tot 6 sides det 6 sides side NOUN Number=Plur 8 accused nsubj:pass 7 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 accused aux:pass 8 accused accuse VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 disinformation case 10 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 8 accused obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 accused punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 accuse past · passive both sides during the war of disinformation vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme of disinformation=Attribute
Example 6 Our teacher showed us how to spot disinformation.
nmod:poss nsubj iobj advmod mark ccomp obj punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN showed VERB us PRON how ADV to PART spot VERB disinformation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 showed iobj 5 how how ADV PronType=Int 7 spot advmod 6 to to PART _ 7 spot mark 7 spot spot VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 showed ccomp 8 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 7 spot obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past Our teacher us vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic 2 spot to-infinitive disinformation vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme disinformation=Destination
Example 7 Bots can share disinformation thousands of times.
nsubj aux obj obj case nmod punct root Bots NOUN can AUX share VERB disinformation NOUN thousands NOUN of ADP times NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bots bot NOUN Number=Plur 3 share nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 share aux 3 share share VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 disinformation disinformation NOUN Number=Sing 3 share obj 5 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 3 share obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 times case 7 times time NOUN Number=Plur 5 thousands nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 share punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 share can Bots disinformation tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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