duplication

Who acts: Doing, We, Duplication, two groups, Gene duplication, Copying · What happens: make, copy, do, be, split, avoid · To what, where: exact copy, something, same work, chromosome, tasks, duplication

«duplication» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: duplication in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Making an exact copy of something, or the copy itself.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 copy	det
3	exact	exact	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 copy	amod
4	copy	copy	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Making	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 something	case
6	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 copy	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 copy	punct
8	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 copy	cc
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 copy	det
10	copy	copy	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 something	appos
11	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes	10 copy	nmod:unmarked
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Making	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	gerund		a exact copy of something					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product
2	copy			something					nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Doing the same work twice when once would be enough; unnecessary repeating.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Doing	do	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 enough	csubj
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 work	det
3	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 work	amod
4	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Doing	obj
5	twice	twice	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	1 Doing	advmod
6	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	7 once	advmod
7	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	5 twice	obl
8	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 enough	aux
9	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	10 enough	cop
10	enough	enough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	13 repeating	punct
12	unnecessary	unnecessary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 repeating	amod
13	repeating	repeating	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 enough	conj
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 enough	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	gerund		the same work				twice property	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Eventuality
2	is	would	Doing					enough property	tree rules

Meaning 3

Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

A part of a chromosome or gene that is copied twice.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 part	det
2	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 chromosome	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 chromosome	det
5	chromosome	chromosome	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 part	nmod
6	or	or	CCONJ	_	7 gene	cc
7	gene	gene	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 chromosome	conj
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 copied	nsubj:pass
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 copied	aux:pass
10	copied	copy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 chromosome	acl:relcl
11	twice	twice	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	10 copied	advmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 part	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	copy	present · passive		a chromosome or gene				twice property	vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Example 1

We split the tasks to avoid duplication.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 split	nsubj
2	split	split	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 tasks	det
4	tasks	task	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 split	obj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 avoid	mark
6	avoid	avoid	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 split	advcl
7	duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 avoid	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 split	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	split	past	We	the tasks					vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent task=Patient
2	avoid	to-infinitive	We not said here	duplication					vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent duplication=Location

Example 2

The duplication of keys was done at the hardware shop.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 duplication	det
2	duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 done	nsubj:pass
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 keys	case
4	keys	key	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 duplication	nmod
5	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 done	aux:pass
6	done	do	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	at	at	ADP	_	10 shop	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 shop	det
9	hardware	hardware	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 shop	compound
10	shop	shop	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 done	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 done	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	past · passive		the duplication of keys		the hardware shop			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality

Example 3

Duplication of the photo made two identical copies.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 made	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 photo	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 photo	det
4	photo	photo	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Duplication	nmod
5	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 copies	nummod
7	identical	identical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 copies	amod
8	copies	copy	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 made	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 made	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	past	Duplication of the photo	two identical copies					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product

Example 4

There was some duplication: two groups wrote the same poster.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	There	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	2 was	expl
2	was	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	4 duplication	det
4	duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 was	nsubj
5	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 wrote	punct
6	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 groups	nummod
7	groups	group	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 wrote	nsubj
8	wrote	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 was	conj
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 poster	det
10	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 poster	amod
11	poster	poster	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 wrote	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 was	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	be	past	some duplication			there			vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	write	past	two groups	the same poster					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poster=Theme

Example 5

Gene duplication can lead to new features in living things.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Gene	gene	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 duplication	compound
2	duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lead	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 lead	aux
4	lead	lead	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 features	case
6	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 features	amod
7	features	feature	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 lead	obl
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 things	case
9	living	living	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 things	amod
10	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 lead	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 lead	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lead	can	Gene duplication			living things		to new features	vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to feature=Patient

Example 6

Copying and pasting caused a duplication in my list.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 caused	csubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 pasting	cc
3	pasting	pasting	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Copying	conj
4	caused	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 duplication	det
6	duplication	duplication	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 caused	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 list	case
8	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 list	nmod:poss
9	list	list	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 duplication	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 caused	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	copy	gerund				vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	cause	past	Copying	a duplication	my list	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition duplication=Patient
3	list		my			nom list «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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