exist

Who acts: Dinosaurs, you, aliens, Dodos, Water, Unicorns · What happens: be, live, stay, exist, think, not exist · To what, where: world, hard way, little food, millions, old castle · Speech: someone speaks here

«exist» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: exist in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

To be real; to be present in the world or in a place.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	3 real	mark
2	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	3 real	cop
3	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 present	punct
5	to	to	PART	_	7 present	mark
6	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 present	cop
7	present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 real	conj
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 world	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 world	det
10	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 present	obl
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 place	cc
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 place	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 place	det
14	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 world	conj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 real	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	to-infinitive						real property	tree rules
2	is	to-infinitive				the world or a place		present property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

To live or stay alive, especially in a hard way (to exist on very little food).

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 live	mark
2	live	live	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 stay	cc
4	stay	stay	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	2 live	conj
5	alive	alive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 stay	xcomp
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 way	punct
7	especially	especially	ADV	_	11 way	advmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	11 way	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 way	det
10	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 way	amod
11	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 live	obl
12	(	(	PUNCT	_	14 exist	punct
13	to	to	PART	_	14 exist	mark
14	exist	exist	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	11 way	parataxis
15	on	on	ADP	_	18 food	case
16	very	very	ADV	_	17 little	advmod
17	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 food	amod
18	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 exist	obl
19	)	)	PUNCT	_	14 exist	punct
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 way	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	where	other	roles by
1	live	to-infinitive	a hard way		vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in way=Location
2	stay	infinitive		alive property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	exist	to-infinitive	little food		vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on food=Location

Example 1

Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 existed	nsubj
2	existed	exist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 existed	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 years	case
5	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 millions	nmod
6	ago	ago	ADV	_	2 existed	advmod
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 existed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	past	Dinosaurs	millions of years				ago property	tree rules

Example 2

Do you think aliens exist?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 think	aux
2	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	3 think	nsubj
3	think	think	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	aliens	alien	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 exist	nsubj
5	exist	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 think	ccomp
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 think	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	think speech: other	present · do-support	you						vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	exist	infinitive	aliens						vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

Dodos no longer exist — they are extinct.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dodos	dodo	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exist	nsubj
2	no	no	ADV	_	3 longer	advmod
3	longer	long	ADV	Degree=Cmp	4 exist	advmod
4	exist	exist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	—	-	PUNCT	_	8 extinct	punct
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 extinct	nsubj
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 extinct	cop
8	extinct	extinct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 exist	advcl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 exist	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	present	Dodos					long property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	present	Dodos = dodo					extinct property	tree rules

Example 4

Water exists as ice, liquid and steam.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 exists	nsubj
2	exists	exist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	as	as	ADP	_	4 ice	case
4	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 exists	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 liquid	punct
6	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 ice	conj
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 steam	cc
8	steam	steam	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 ice	conj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 exists	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	present	Water					as ice and liquid and steam	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 5

Unicorns don't exist except in stories.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Unicorns	unicorn	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exist	nsubj
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 exist	aux
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 exist	advmod
4	exist	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	except	except	ADP	_	7 stories	case
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 stories	case
7	stories	story	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exist	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 exist	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not exist	present · do-support	Unicorns					except stories	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 6

This old castle has existed for 800 years.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	This	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 castle	det
2	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 castle	amod
3	castle	castle	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 existed	nsubj:pass
4	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 existed	aux
5	existed	exist	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	for	for	ADP	_	8 years	case
7	800	800	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	8 years	nummod
8	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 existed	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 existed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	present · perfect · passive		this old castle			year		tree rules

Example 7

Plants could not exist without sunlight.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 exist	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 exist	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 exist	advmod
4	exist	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	without	without	ADP	_	6 sunlight	case
6	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 exist	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 exist	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not exist	could	Plants					without sunlight	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 8

He could exist here, he said, well enough.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 exist	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 exist	aux
3	exist	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	here	here	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 exist	advmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 said	punct
6	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 said	nsubj
7	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 exist	conj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 well	punct
9	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	7 said	advmod
10	enough	enough	ADV	_	9 well	advmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 exist	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	could	He			here			vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	say speech: assert	past	he					well property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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