fluency

Who acts: He, table practice, Fluency, teacher, Reading, Gangazara · What happens: be, speak, read, write, do, improve · To what, where: language, something, maths, reading fluency, maths fluency, fluency · Speech: someone speaks here

«fluency» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: fluency in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Being able to speak, read or write a language easily, quickly and well.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 able	cop
2	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 speak	mark
4	speak	speak	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 able	xcomp
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 read	punct
6	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 speak	conj
7	or	or	CCONJ	_	8 write	cc
8	write	write	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 read	conj
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 language	det
10	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 write	obj
11	easily	easily	ADV	_	8 write	advmod
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 quickly	punct
13	quickly	quickly	ADV	_	8 write	advmod
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 well	cc
15	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	13 quickly	conj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 able	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	gerund		able property	tree rules
2	speak speech: other	to-infinitive			vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	read	infinitive			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	write	infinitive	a language	easily, quickly property	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Being able to do something smoothly and confidently, like reading aloud or doing maths facts.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 able	cop
2	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 do	mark
4	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 able	xcomp
5	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	4 do	obj
6	smoothly	smoothly	ADV	_	4 do	advmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 confidently	cc
8	confidently	confidently	ADV	_	6 smoothly	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 reading	punct
10	like	like	SCONJ	_	11 reading	mark
11	reading	read	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 do	advcl
12	aloud	aloud	ADV	_	11 reading	advmod
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 doing	cc
14	doing	do	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 reading	conj
15	maths	math	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 doing	obj
16	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 doing	obj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 able	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	gerund		able property	tree rules
2	do	to-infinitive	something	smoothly property	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality
3	read	gerund		aloud property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	do	gerund	maths		tree rules

Example 1

Her reading fluency improved with practice.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 fluency	nmod:poss
2	reading	reading	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 fluency	compound
3	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	improved	improve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 fluency	acl
5	with	with	ADP	_	6 practice	case
6	practice	practice	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 improved	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 fluency	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	improve	participle		Her reading fluency not said here				with practice	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with practice=Instrument

Example 2

He speaks with fluency in English and Ukrainian.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 speaks	nsubj
2	speaks	speak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	with	with	ADP	_	4 fluency	case
4	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 speaks	obl
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 English	case
6	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 fluency	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 Ukrainian	cc
8	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 English	conj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 speaks	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	speak speech: other	present	He					with fluency in English and Ukrainian	vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with fluency=Co-Agent

Example 3

Times-table practice builds maths fluency.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 table	compound
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	1 Times	punct
3	table	table	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 practice	compound
4	practice	practice	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 builds	nsubj
5	builds	build	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	maths	math	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 fluency	compound
7	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 builds	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 builds	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	build	present	table practice	maths fluency					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset fluency=Product

Example 4

Fluency in a new language takes years.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 takes	nsubj
2	in	in	ADP	_	5 language	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 language	det
4	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 language	amod
5	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Fluency	nmod
6	takes	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 takes	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 takes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	present	Fluency in a new language				year		vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Example 5

The teacher listened to each child read to check fluency.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 teacher	det
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 listened	nsubj
3	listened	listen	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	6 child	case
5	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	6 child	det
6	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 listened	obl
7	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 listened	advcl
8	to	to	PART	_	9 check	mark
9	check	check	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 read	xcomp
10	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 check	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 listened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	listen	past	the teacher		to each child	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to child=Theme
2	read	infinitive	the teacher not said here			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	check	to-infinitive	the teacher not said here	fluency		vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluency=Theme

Example 6

Reading aloud every night helps fluency.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Reading	read	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 helps	csubj
2	aloud	aloud	ADV	_	1 Reading	advmod
3	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	4 night	det
4	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Reading	obl:unmarked
5	helps	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 helps	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 helps	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	gerund					night	aloud property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	help	present	Reading	fluency					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluency=Beneficiary

Example 7

Gangazara thought several times of the eloquent way in which the tiger spoke, and admired his fluency of speech.

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Gangazara	Gangazara	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 thought	nsubj
2	thought	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 times	amod
4	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 thought	obl:unmarked
5	of	of	ADP	_	8 way	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 way	det
7	eloquent	eloquent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 way	amod
8	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 times	nmod
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 which	case
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 spoke	obl
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 tiger	det
12	tiger	tiger	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 spoke	nsubj
13	spoke	speak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 way	acl:relcl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 admired	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 admired	cc
16	admired	admire	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 thought	conj
17	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	18 fluency	nmod:poss
18	fluency	fluency	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 admired	obj
19	of	of	ADP	_	20 speech	case
20	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 fluency	nmod
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 thought	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	think speech: other	past	Gangazara			time	vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	speak speech: other	past	the tiger		the eloquent way		vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	admire	past	Gangazara not said here	tiger's fluency of speech			vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer fluency=Stimulus

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/F/fluency/