former Who acts: Former, two things, second, form, schools, former teacher · What happens: mean, mention, be, call, come, visit · To what, where: first, class, pupil, former Olympic champion, former, former British colony · Speech: someone speaks here
«former» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: former in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Former means earlier, from before but not now: «the former head teacher», «a former champion».
The tree, 15 words nsubj advmod punct case advmod cc advmod conj punct punct det amod compound parataxis punct punct punct det amod appos punct punct root Former NOUN means VERB earlier ADV , PUNCT from ADP before ADV but CCONJ not PART now ADV : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET former ADJ head NOUN teacher NOUN » PUNCT , PUNCT « PUNCT a DET former ADJ champion NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Former former NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 earlier early ADV Degree=Cmp 2 means advmod 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 before punct 5 from from ADP _ 6 before case 6 before before ADV _ 2 means advmod 7 but but CCONJ _ 9 now cc 8 not not PART Polarity=Neg 9 now advmod 9 now now ADV PronType=Dem 6 before conj 10 : : PUNCT _ 15 teacher punct 11 « « PUNCT _ 15 teacher punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 teacher det 13 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 15 teacher amod 14 head head NOUN Number=Sing 15 teacher compound 15 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 2 means parataxis 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 teacher punct 17 , , PUNCT _ 21 champion punct 18 « « PUNCT _ 21 champion punct 19 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 21 champion det 20 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 21 champion amod 21 champion champion NOUN Number=Sing 15 teacher appos 22 » » PUNCT _ 21 champion punct 23 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Former before, early property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The former means the first of two things just mentioned; the second is «the latter».
The tree, 15 words det nsubj det obj case nummod nmod advmod acl:relcl punct det nsubj cop punct det parataxis punct punct root The DET former ADJ means VERB the DET first NOUN of ADP two NUM things NOUN just ADV mentioned VERB ; PUNCT the DET second NOUN is AUX « PUNCT the DET latter ADJ » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 former det 2 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 3 means nsubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 first det 5 first first NOUN Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 3 means obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 things case 7 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 things nummod 8 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 5 first nmod 9 just just ADV _ 10 mentioned advmod 10 mentioned mention VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 things acl:relcl 11 ; ; PUNCT _ 17 latter punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 second det 13 second second NOUN Number=Sing 17 latter nsubj 14 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 17 latter cop 15 « « PUNCT _ 17 latter punct 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 latter det 17 latter latter ADJ Degree=Pos 3 means parataxis 18 » » PUNCT _ 17 latter punct 19 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present the former the first of two things tree rules 2 mention speech: other past two things not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 3 is in a quote present the second latter property tree rules
Meaning 3 Usage: UK schools, old — kept apart, not parsed.
A form is a class, and some schools call a pupil «a sixth-former».
The tree, 14 words det nsubj cop det punct cc det nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct det amod punct parataxis punct punct root A DET form NOUN is AUX a DET class NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ some DET schools NOUN call VERB a DET pupil NOUN « PUNCT a DET sixth ADJ - PUNCT former ADJ » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 form det 2 form form NOUN Number=Sing 5 class nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 class cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 class det 5 class class NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 10 call punct 7 and and CCONJ _ 10 call cc 8 some some DET PronType=Ind 9 schools det 9 schools school NOUN Number=Plur 10 call nsubj 10 call call VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 class acl:relcl 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 pupil det 12 pupil pupil NOUN Number=Sing 10 call obj 13 « « PUNCT _ 17 former punct 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 17 former det 15 sixth sixth ADJ Degree=Pos 17 former amod 16 - - PUNCT _ 15 sixth punct 17 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 12 pupil parataxis 18 » » PUNCT _ 17 former punct 19 . . PUNCT _ 5 class punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a form a class tree rules 2 call present some schools a class not said here a pupil vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent pupil=Recipient
Example 1 Our former teacher came to visit.
nmod:poss amod nsubj mark xcomp punct root Our PRON former ADJ teacher NOUN came VERB to PART visit VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 teacher nmod:poss 2 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 3 teacher amod 3 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 4 came nsubj 4 came come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to PART _ 6 visit mark 6 visit visit VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 came xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 came punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come past Our former teacher tree rules 2 visit to-infinitive Our former teacher not said here vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 He is a former Olympic champion.
nsubj cop det amod amod punct root He PRON is AUX a DET former ADJ Olympic ADJ champion NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 champion nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 champion cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 champion det 4 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 6 champion amod 5 Olympic olympic ADJ Degree=Pos 6 champion amod 6 champion champion NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 champion punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present He a former Olympic champion tree rules
Example 3 Tea and coffee? I prefer the former, so tea please.
Sentence 1: Tea and coffee?
cc conj punct root Tea NOUN and CCONJ coffee NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tea tea NOUN Number=Sing root root 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 coffee cc 3 coffee coffee NOUN Number=Sing 1 Tea conj 4 ? ? PUNCT _ 1 Tea punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: I prefer the former, so tea please.
nsubj det obj punct advmod obl discourse punct root I PRON prefer VERB the DET former ADJ , PUNCT so ADV tea NOUN please INTJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 prefer nsubj 2 prefer prefer VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 former det 4 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 2 prefer obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 7 tea punct 6 so so ADV _ 7 tea advmod 7 tea tea NOUN Number=Sing 2 prefer obl 8 please please INTJ _ 2 prefer discourse 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 prefer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 prefer present I the former tea obl vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer former=Stimulus
Example 4 Kenya is a former British colony.
nsubj cop det amod amod punct root Kenya NOUN is AUX a DET former ADJ British ADJ colony NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Kenya kenya NOUN Number=Sing 6 colony nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 colony cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 colony det 4 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 6 colony amod 5 British British ADJ Degree=Pos 6 colony amod 6 colony colony NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 colony punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Kenya a former British colony tree rules
Example 5 The castle is a shadow of its former self.
det nsubj cop det case nmod:poss amod nmod punct root The DET castle NOUN is AUX a DET shadow NOUN of ADP its PRON former ADJ self NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 castle det 2 castle castle NOUN Number=Sing 5 shadow nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 shadow cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 shadow det 5 shadow shadow NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 9 self case 7 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 self nmod:poss 8 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 9 self amod 9 self self NOUN Number=Sing 5 shadow nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 shadow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the castle a shadow of castle's former self tree rules
Example 6 In former times, children worked in factories.
case amod obl punct nsubj case obl punct root In ADP former ADJ times NOUN , PUNCT children NOUN worked VERB in ADP factories NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 times case 2 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 3 times amod 3 times time NOUN Number=Plur 6 worked obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 times punct 5 children child NOUN Number=Plur 6 worked nsubj 6 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 in in ADP _ 8 factories case 8 factories factory NOUN Number=Plur 6 worked obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 worked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work past children time in factories vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in factory=Theme
Example 7 My sister is a sixth-former.
nmod:poss nsubj cop det amod punct punct root My PRON sister NOUN is AUX a DET sixth ADJ - PUNCT former ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 sister nmod:poss 2 sister sister NOUN Number=Sing 7 former nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 former cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 former det 5 sixth sixth ADJ Degree=Pos 7 former amod 6 - - PUNCT _ 5 sixth punct 7 former former ADJ Degree=Pos root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 former punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present My sister former property tree rules
Example 8 The poor Jackdaw returned sadly to his former companions.
det amod nsubj advmod case nmod:poss amod obl punct root The DET poor ADJ Jackdaw PROPN returned VERB sadly ADV to ADP his PRON former ADJ companions NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Jackdaw det 2 poor poor ADJ Degree=Pos 3 Jackdaw amod 3 Jackdaw Jackdaw PROPN Number=Sing 4 returned nsubj 4 returned return VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 sadly sadly ADV _ 4 returned advmod 6 to to ADP _ 9 companions case 7 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 companions nmod:poss 8 former former ADJ Degree=Pos 9 companions amod 9 companions companion NOUN Number=Plur 4 returned obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 returned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 return past the poor Jackdaw to Jackdaw's former companions result ; sadly property vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Patient to companion=Result
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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