fossilisation Who acts: Fossilisation, slow process, few dead animals, Quick burial, Shells, We · What happens: be, turn, change, become, fix, take · To what, where: slow process, remains, fossil, millions, fossilisation, Shells
«fossilisation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: fossilisation in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Fossilisation is the very slow process, over thousands or millions of years, by which the remains or traces of a living thing are turned into a fossil, usually in rock.
The tree, 30 words nsubj cop det advmod amod punct case appos cc conj case nmod punct case obl det nsubj cc conj case det compound nmod aux:pass acl case det obl punct advmod case appos punct root Fossilisation NOUN is AUX the DET very ADV slow ADJ process NOUN , PUNCT over ADP thousands NOUN or CCONJ millions NOUN of ADP years NOUN , PUNCT by ADP which PRON the DET remains NOUN or CCONJ traces NOUN of ADP a DET living NOUN thing NOUN are AUX turned VERB into ADP a DET fossil NOUN , PUNCT usually ADV in ADP rock NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 6 process nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 process cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 process det 4 very very ADV _ 5 slow advmod 5 slow slow ADJ Degree=Pos 6 process amod 6 process process NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 9 thousands punct 8 over over ADP _ 9 thousands case 9 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 6 process appos 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 millions cc 11 millions million NOUN Number=Plur 9 thousands conj 12 of of ADP _ 13 years case 13 years year NOUN Number=Plur 11 millions nmod 14 , , PUNCT _ 26 turned punct 15 by by ADP _ 16 which case 16 which which PRON PronType=Rel 26 turned obl 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 remains det 18 remains remains NOUN Number=Ptan 26 turned nsubj 19 or or CCONJ _ 20 traces cc 20 traces trace NOUN Number=Plur 18 remains conj 21 of of ADP _ 24 thing case 22 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 24 thing det 23 living living NOUN Number=Sing 24 thing compound 24 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 20 traces nmod 25 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 26 turned aux:pass 26 turned turn VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 process acl 27 into into ADP _ 29 fossil case 28 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 29 fossil det 29 fossil fossil NOUN Number=Sing 26 turned obl 30 , , PUNCT _ 33 rock punct 31 usually usually ADV _ 33 rock advmod 32 in in ADP _ 33 rock case 33 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 29 fossil appos 34 . . PUNCT _ 6 process punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Fossilisation the slow process tree rules 2 turn present · passive the slow process the remains or traces of a living thing a fossil vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent subject=Theme into fossil=Trajectory
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.
Fossilisation is when ideas, habits or a language stop changing and become fixed.
The tree, 13 words nsubj cop advmod nsubj punct conj cc det conj xcomp cc conj xcomp punct root Fossilisation NOUN is AUX when ADV ideas NOUN , PUNCT habits NOUN or CCONJ a DET language NOUN stop VERB changing VERB and CCONJ become VERB fixed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 10 stop nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 stop cop 3 when when ADV PronType=Int 10 stop advmod 4 ideas idea NOUN Number=Plur 10 stop nsubj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 habits punct 6 habits habit NOUN Number=Plur 4 ideas conj 7 or or CCONJ _ 9 language cc 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 language det 9 language language NOUN Number=Sing 4 ideas conj 10 stop stop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 11 changing change VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 stop xcomp 12 and and CCONJ _ 13 become cc 13 become become VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 stop conj 14 fixed fix VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 13 become xcomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 10 stop punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Fossilisation stop property tree rules 2 change gerund Fossilisation not said here vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 become infinitive Fossilisation not said here tree rules 4 fix participle Fossilisation not said here vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
Example 1 Fossilisation takes millions of years.
nsubj obj case nmod punct root Fossilisation NOUN takes VERB millions NOUN of ADP years NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 2 takes nsubj 2 takes take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 millions million NOUN Number=Plur 2 takes obj 4 of of ADP _ 5 years case 5 years year NOUN Number=Plur 3 millions nmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 takes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take present Fossilisation millions of years vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent million=Theme
Example 2 Only a few dead animals ever go through fossilisation.
advmod det amod amod nsubj advmod case obl punct root Only ADV a DET few ADJ dead ADJ animals NOUN ever ADV go VERB through ADP fossilisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Only only ADV _ 7 go advmod 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 animals det 3 few few ADJ Degree=Pos 5 animals amod 4 dead dead ADJ Degree=Pos 5 animals amod 5 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 7 go nsubj 6 ever ever ADV PronType=Ind 7 go advmod 7 go go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 through through ADP _ 9 fossilisation case 9 fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 7 go obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 go punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go present a few dead animals fossilisation ever vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme through fossilisation=Initial_Location
Example 3 Quick burial in mud helps fossilisation.
amod nsubj case nmod obj punct root Quick ADJ burial NOUN in ADP mud NOUN helps VERB fossilisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Quick quick ADJ Degree=Pos 2 burial amod 2 burial burial NOUN Number=Sing 5 helps nsubj 3 in in ADP _ 4 mud case 4 mud mud NOUN Number=Sing 2 burial nmod 5 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 5 helps obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 5 helps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Quick burial in mud fossilisation vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fossilisation=Beneficiary
Example 4 Shells are often found because they survive fossilisation well.
nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod mark nsubj advcl obj advmod punct root Shells NOUN are AUX often ADV found VERB because SCONJ they PRON survive VERB fossilisation NOUN well ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Shells shell NOUN Number=Plur 4 found nsubj:pass 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 found aux:pass 3 often often ADV _ 4 found advmod 4 found find VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 because because SCONJ _ 7 survive mark 6 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 survive nsubj 7 survive survive VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 found advcl 8 fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 7 survive obj 9 well well ADV Degree=Pos 7 survive advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 found punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find present · passive Shells often property vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic 2 survive present Shells = shell fossilisation well property vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme fossilisation=Circumstance
Example 5 We drew a comic strip of the stages of fossilisation.
nsubj det amod obj case det nmod case nmod punct root We PRON drew VERB a DET comic ADJ strip NOUN of ADP the DET stages NOUN of ADP fossilisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 drew nsubj 2 drew draw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 strip det 4 comic comic ADJ Degree=Pos 5 strip amod 5 strip strip NOUN Number=Sing 2 drew obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 stages case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 stages det 8 stages stage NOUN Number=Plur 5 strip nmod 9 of of ADP _ 10 fossilisation case 10 fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 8 stages nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 drew punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 draw past We a comic strip of the stages of fossilisation vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent strip=Theme
Example 6 Teeth and bones are the parts most likely to survive fossilisation.
nsubj cc conj cop det advmod advmod mark acl:relcl obj punct root Teeth NOUN and CCONJ bones NOUN are AUX the DET parts NOUN most ADV likely ADV to PART survive VERB fossilisation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 6 parts nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 bones cc 3 bones bone NOUN Number=Plur 1 Teeth conj 4 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 parts cop 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 parts det 6 parts part NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 most most ADV Degree=Sup 8 likely advmod 8 likely likely ADV _ 10 survive advmod 9 to to PART _ 10 survive mark 10 survive survive VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 parts acl:relcl 11 fossilisation fossilisation NOUN Number=Sing 10 survive obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 parts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Teeth and bones the parts tree rules 2 survive to-infinitive fossilisation likely property vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme fossilisation=Circumstance
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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