frost Who acts: Thin white ice crystals, air, frost, Dad, you, path · What happens: form, be, freeze, cover, become, put · To what, where: grass, freezing, water, icing, cake, frost
«frost» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: frost in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Thin white ice crystals that form on grass, cars and windows when the air is below freezing, especially on cold clear nights.
The tree, 22 words amod amod compound nsubj acl:relcl case obl punct conj cc conj advmod det nsubj cop case obl punct advmod case amod amod nmod punct root Thin ADJ white ADJ ice NOUN crystals NOUN that PRON form VERB on ADP grass NOUN , PUNCT cars NOUN and CCONJ windows NOUN when ADV the DET air NOUN is AUX below ADP freezing NOUN , PUNCT especially ADV on ADP cold ADJ clear ADJ nights NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Thin thin ADJ Degree=Pos 4 crystals amod 2 white white ADJ Degree=Pos 4 crystals amod 3 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 4 crystals compound 4 crystals crystal NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 6 form nsubj 6 form form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 crystals acl:relcl 7 on on ADP _ 8 grass case 8 grass grass NOUN Number=Sing 6 form obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 cars punct 10 cars car NOUN Number=Plur 8 grass conj 11 and and CCONJ _ 12 windows cc 12 windows window NOUN Number=Plur 8 grass conj 13 when when ADV PronType=Int 18 freezing advmod 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 air det 15 air air NOUN Number=Sing 18 freezing nsubj 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 freezing cop 17 below below ADP _ 18 freezing case 18 freezing freezing NOUN Number=Sing 6 form obl 19 , , PUNCT _ 24 nights punct 20 especially especially ADV _ 24 nights advmod 21 on on ADP _ 24 nights case 22 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 24 nights amod 23 clear clear ADJ Degree=Pos 24 nights amod 24 nights night NOUN Number=Plur 18 freezing nmod 25 . . PUNCT _ 4 crystals punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form present Thin white ice crystals grass and cars and windows vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on grass=Location 2 is present the air freezing night tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Weather cold enough to freeze water (a hard frost).
nsubj advmod mark advcl obj punct det amod appos punct punct root Weather NOUN cold ADJ enough ADV to PART freeze VERB water NOUN ( PUNCT a DET hard ADJ frost NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Weather weather NOUN Number=Sing 2 cold nsubj 2 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos root root 3 enough enough ADV _ 2 cold advmod 4 to to PART _ 5 freeze mark 5 freeze freeze VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 cold advcl 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 5 freeze obj 7 ( ( PUNCT _ 10 frost punct 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 frost det 9 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 10 frost amod 10 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 6 water appos 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 10 frost punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 cold punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 freeze to-infinitive water vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient water=Result
Meaning 3 To cover with frost or become covered with it.
mark case obl cc conj xcomp case obl punct root To PART cover VERB with ADP frost NOUN or CCONJ become VERB covered VERB with ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 cover mark 2 cover cover VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 with with ADP _ 4 frost case 4 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 2 cover obl 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 become cc 6 become become VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 cover conj 7 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 become xcomp 8 with with ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 covered obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 cover punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover to-infinitive with frost vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with frost=Theme 2 become infinitive tree rules 3 cover participle with frost vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with it=Theme
Meaning 4 Usage: US — kept apart, not parsed.
To put icing on a cake (frosting = icing).
mark obj case det obl punct appos punct conj punct punct root To PART put VERB icing NOUN on ADP a DET cake NOUN ( PUNCT frosting NOUN = SYM icing NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 put mark 2 put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 2 put obj 4 on on ADP _ 6 cake case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 cake det 6 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 2 put obl 7 ( ( PUNCT _ 8 frosting punct 8 frosting frosting NOUN Number=Sing 6 cake appos 9 = = SYM _ 10 icing punct 10 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 8 frosting conj 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 8 frosting punct 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put to-infinitive icing a cake vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent icing=Theme on cake=Destination
Example 1 There was frost on the grass this morning.
expl nsubj case det obl det obl:unmarked punct root There PRON was VERB frost NOUN on ADP the DET grass NOUN this DET morning NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 4 on on ADP _ 6 grass case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 grass det 6 grass grass NOUN Number=Sing 2 was obl 7 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 8 morning det 8 morning morning NOUN Number=Sing 2 was obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past frost the grass; there morning vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on grass=Location
Example 2 Dad scraped the frost off the car window.
nsubj det obj case det compound obl punct root Dad NOUN scraped VERB the DET frost NOUN off ADP the DET car NOUN window NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 scraped nsubj 2 scraped scrape VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 frost det 4 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 2 scraped obj 5 off off ADP _ 8 window case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 window det 7 car car NOUN Number=Sing 8 window compound 8 window window NOUN Number=Sing 2 scraped obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 scraped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 scrape past Dad the frost the car window vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent frost=Theme off window=Trajectory
Example 3 Frost makes beautiful patterns on the glass.
nsubj amod obj case det obl punct root Frost NOUN makes VERB beautiful ADJ patterns NOUN on ADP the DET glass NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 2 makes nsubj 2 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 beautiful beautiful ADJ Degree=Pos 4 patterns amod 4 patterns pattern NOUN Number=Plur 2 makes obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 glass case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 glass det 7 glass glass NOUN Number=Sing 2 makes obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 makes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present Frost beautiful patterns the glass vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pattern=Product
Example 4 Be careful — the path is slippery with frost.
cop punct det nsubj cop conj case obl punct root Be AUX careful ADJ — PUNCT the DET path NOUN is AUX slippery ADJ with ADP frost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 2 careful cop 2 careful careful ADJ Degree=Pos root root 3 — - PUNCT _ 7 slippery punct 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 path det 5 path path NOUN Number=Sing 7 slippery nsubj 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 slippery cop 7 slippery slippery ADJ Degree=Pos 2 careful conj 8 with with ADP _ 9 frost case 9 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 7 slippery obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 careful punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is imperative you not said here careful property tree rules 2 is present the path with frost; slippery property tree rules
Example 5 The first frost killed the tomato plants.
det amod nsubj det compound obj punct root The DET first ADJ frost NOUN killed VERB the DET tomato NOUN plants NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 frost det 2 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 3 frost amod 3 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 4 killed nsubj 4 killed kill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 plants det 6 tomato tomato NOUN Number=Sing 7 plants compound 7 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 4 killed obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 killed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill past the first frost the tomato plants vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme
Example 6 Frost forms on clear, cold nights.
compound case amod punct amod nmod punct root Frost NOUN forms NOUN on ADP clear ADJ , PUNCT cold ADJ nights NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Frost frost NOUN Number=Sing 2 forms compound 2 forms form NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 on on ADP _ 7 nights case 4 clear clear ADJ Degree=Pos 7 nights amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 clear punct 6 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 7 nights amod 7 nights night NOUN Number=Plur 2 forms nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 forms punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 7 We frosted the cupcakes with pink icing.
nsubj det obj case amod nmod punct root We PRON frosted VERB the DET cupcakes NOUN with ADP pink ADJ icing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 frosted nsubj 2 frosted frost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 cupcakes det 4 cupcakes cupcake NOUN Number=Plur 2 frosted obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 icing case 6 pink pink ADJ Degree=Pos 7 icing amod 7 icing icing NOUN Number=Sing 4 cupcakes nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 frosted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 frost past We the cupcakes with pink icing vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent cupcake=Destination with icing=Theme
Example 8 It certainly was a dreadfully hard frost.
nsubj advmod cop det advmod amod punct root It PRON certainly ADV was AUX a DET dreadfully ADV hard ADJ frost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 frost nsubj 2 certainly certainly ADV _ 7 frost advmod 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 frost cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 frost det 5 dreadfully dreadfully ADV _ 6 hard advmod 6 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 7 frost amod 7 frost frost NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 frost punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past It a hard frost certainly property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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