galaxy Who acts: galaxy, Sun, billions, Andromeda Galaxy, spiral galaxy, stars · What happens: be, hold together, call, mean, look, whirlpool · To what, where: huge group, gas, galaxy, one, large group, one star · Speech: someone speaks here
«galaxy» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: galaxy in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A galaxy is a huge group of billions of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop det amod case nmod case nmod punct appos cc conj acl advmod case obl:agent punct root A DET galaxy NOUN is AUX a DET huge ADJ group NOUN of ADP billions NOUN of ADP stars NOUN , PUNCT gas NOUN and CCONJ dust NOUN held VERB together ADV by ADP gravity NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 galaxy det 2 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 6 group nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 group cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 group det 5 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 6 group amod 6 group group NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 billions case 8 billions billion NOUN Number=Plur 6 group nmod 9 of of ADP _ 10 stars case 10 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 8 billions nmod 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 gas punct 12 gas gas NOUN Number=Sing 6 group appos 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 dust cc 14 dust dust NOUN Number=Sing 12 gas conj 15 held hold VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 12 gas acl 16 together together ADV _ 15 held advmod 17 by by ADP _ 18 gravity case 18 gravity gravity NOUN Number=Sing 15 held obl:agent 19 . . PUNCT _ 6 group punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a galaxy a huge group of billions of stars tree rules 2 hold together participle gas and dust not said here together property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Our galaxy is called the Milky Way; the Sun is one of its stars.
The tree, 14 words nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux:pass det amod xcomp punct det nsubj cop parataxis case nmod:poss nmod punct root Our PRON galaxy NOUN is AUX called VERB the DET Milky ADJ Way PROPN ; PUNCT the DET Sun PROPN is AUX one NUM of ADP its PRON stars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 galaxy nmod:poss 2 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 4 called nsubj:pass 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 called aux:pass 4 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 Way det 6 Milky milky ADJ Degree=Pos 7 Way amod 7 Way Way PROPN Number=Sing 4 called xcomp 8 ; ; PUNCT _ 12 one punct 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 Sun det 10 Sun Sun PROPN Number=Sing 12 one nsubj 11 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 one cop 12 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 4 called parataxis 13 of of ADP _ 15 stars case 14 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 15 stars nmod:poss 15 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 12 one nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 called punct
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1 call speech: assert present · passive Our galaxy vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient 2 is a present the Sun one of Sun's stars tree rules
Meaning 3 Informally, «a galaxy of» means a large group of famous or bright people or things.
The tree, 15 words advmod punct punct det nsubj case punct det amod obj case amod cc conj nmod cc conj punct root Informally ADV , PUNCT « PUNCT a DET galaxy NOUN of ADP » PUNCT means VERB a DET large ADJ group NOUN of ADP famous ADJ or CCONJ bright ADJ people NOUN or CCONJ things NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Informally informally ADV _ 8 means advmod 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Informally punct 3 « « PUNCT _ 5 galaxy punct 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 galaxy det 5 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 8 means nsubj 6 of of ADP _ 7 » case 7 » » PUNCT _ 5 galaxy punct 8 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 group det 10 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 11 group amod 11 group group NOUN Number=Sing 8 means obj 12 of of ADP _ 16 people case 13 famous famous ADJ Degree=Pos 16 people amod 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 bright cc 15 bright bright ADJ Degree=Pos 13 famous conj 16 people people NOUN Number=Plur 11 group nmod 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 things cc 18 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 16 people conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 8 means punct
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1 mean present a galaxy a large group of famous people or things informally property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent group=Topic
Example 1 The Sun is one star in the Milky Way galaxy.
det nsubj cop nummod case det amod compound nmod punct root The DET Sun PROPN is AUX one NUM star NOUN in ADP the DET Milky ADJ Way PROPN galaxy NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Sun det 2 Sun Sun PROPN Number=Sing 5 star nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 star cop 4 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 5 star nummod 5 star star NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 in in ADP _ 10 galaxy case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 galaxy det 8 Milky milky ADJ Degree=Pos 10 galaxy amod 9 Way Way PROPN Number=Sing 10 galaxy compound 10 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 5 star nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 star punct
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1 is a present the Sun one star the Milky Way galaxy tree rules
Example 2 There are billions of galaxies in the universe.
expl nsubj case nmod case det obl punct root There PRON are VERB billions NOUN of ADP galaxies NOUN in ADP the DET universe NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 are expl 2 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 billions billion NOUN Number=Plur 2 are nsubj 4 of of ADP _ 5 galaxies case 5 galaxies galaxy NOUN Number=Plur 3 billions nmod 6 in in ADP _ 8 universe case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 universe det 8 universe universe NOUN Number=Sing 2 are obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 are punct
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1 does present billions of galaxies the universe; there vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in universe=Location
Example 3 The Andromeda Galaxy is our nearest big neighbour.
det compound nsubj cop nmod:poss amod amod punct root The DET Andromeda PROPN Galaxy PROPN is AUX our PRON nearest ADJ big ADJ neighbour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Galaxy det 2 Andromeda Andromeda PROPN Number=Sing 3 Galaxy compound 3 Galaxy Galaxy PROPN Number=Sing 8 neighbour nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 neighbour cop 5 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 neighbour nmod:poss 6 nearest near ADJ Degree=Sup 8 neighbour amod 7 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 8 neighbour amod 8 neighbour neighbour NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 neighbour punct
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1 is a present the Andromeda Galaxy our nearest big neighbour tree rules
Example 4 A spiral galaxy looks like a whirlpool of stars.
det amod nsubj case det obl case nmod punct root A DET spiral ADJ galaxy NOUN looks VERB like ADP a DET whirlpool NOUN of ADP stars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 galaxy det 2 spiral spiral ADJ Degree=Pos 3 galaxy amod 3 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 4 looks nsubj 4 looks look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 like like ADP _ 7 whirlpool case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 whirlpool det 7 whirlpool whirlpool NOUN Number=Sing 4 looks obl 8 of of ADP _ 9 stars case 9 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 7 whirlpool nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 looks punct
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1 look present a spiral galaxy like a whirlpool of stars vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 whirlpool stars nom whirlpool «event intransitive»: of=agent
Example 5 Light from distant galaxies takes millions of years to reach us.
nsubj case amod nmod obj case nmod mark advcl obj punct root Light NOUN from ADP distant ADJ galaxies NOUN takes VERB millions NOUN of ADP years NOUN to PART reach VERB us PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Light light NOUN Number=Sing 5 takes nsubj 2 from from ADP _ 4 galaxies case 3 distant distant ADJ Degree=Pos 4 galaxies amod 4 galaxies galaxy NOUN Number=Plur 1 Light nmod 5 takes take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 millions million NOUN Number=Plur 5 takes obj 7 of of ADP _ 8 years case 8 years year NOUN Number=Plur 6 millions nmod 9 to to PART _ 10 reach mark 10 reach reach VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 takes advcl 11 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 10 reach obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 takes punct
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1 take present Light from distant galaxies millions of years vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent million=Theme 2 reach to-infinitive Light from distant galaxies not said here us vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent we=Theme
Example 6 On a dark night we saw our galaxy as a misty band.
case det amod obl nsubj nmod:poss obj case det amod obl punct root On ADP a DET dark ADJ night NOUN we PRON saw VERB our PRON galaxy NOUN as ADP a DET misty ADJ band NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 On on ADP _ 4 night case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 night det 3 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 4 night amod 4 night night NOUN Number=Sing 6 saw obl 5 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 saw nsubj 6 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 galaxy nmod:poss 8 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 6 saw obj 9 as as ADP _ 12 band case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 band det 11 misty misty ADJ Degree=Pos 12 band amod 12 band band NOUN Number=Sing 6 saw obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 saw punct
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1 see past we our galaxy night as a misty band vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer galaxy=Stimulus as band=Attribute
Example 7 The film was set in a faraway galaxy.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass case det amod obl punct root The DET film NOUN was AUX set VERB in ADP a DET faraway ADJ galaxy NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 film det 2 film film NOUN Number=Sing 4 set nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 set aux:pass 4 set set VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 in in ADP _ 8 galaxy case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 galaxy det 7 faraway faraway ADJ Degree=Pos 8 galaxy amod 8 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 4 set obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 set punct
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1 set past · passive the film a faraway galaxy vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in galaxy=Destination
Example 8 The show had a galaxy of stars.
det nsubj det obj case nmod punct root The DET show NOUN had VERB a DET galaxy NOUN of ADP stars NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 show det 2 show show NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 galaxy det 5 galaxy galaxy NOUN Number=Sing 3 had obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 stars case 7 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 5 galaxy nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the show a galaxy of stars vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent galaxy=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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