gall Who acts: Gall, He, insect, gall bladder, lot, She · What happens: be, have, ask, eat, make, lay · To what, where: gall, mine, lump, plant, eggs, Gall bile · Speech: someone speaks here
«gall» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: gall in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Gall is rude, bold cheek: «He had the gall to ask for more after eating mine!».
The tree, 16 words nsubj cop punct amod conj punct punct nsubj parataxis det obj mark xcomp case obl mark advcl obj punct punct punct root Gall NOUN is AUX rude ADJ , PUNCT bold ADJ cheek NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT He PRON had VERB the DET gall NOUN to PART ask VERB for ADP more ADJ after SCONJ eating VERB mine PRON ! PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 3 rude nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 rude cop 3 rude rude ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 cheek punct 5 bold bold ADJ Degree=Pos 6 cheek amod 6 cheek cheek NOUN Number=Sing 3 rude conj 7 : : PUNCT _ 10 had punct 8 « « PUNCT _ 10 had punct 9 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 had nsubj 10 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 rude parataxis 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 gall det 12 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 10 had obj 13 to to PART _ 14 ask mark 14 ask ask VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 had xcomp 15 for for ADP _ 16 more case 16 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 14 ask obl 17 after after SCONJ _ 18 eating mark 18 eating eat VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 14 ask advcl 19 mine my PRON Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 18 eating obj 20 ! ! PUNCT _ 18 eating punct 21 » » PUNCT _ 10 had punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 3 rude punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Gall rude property tree rules 2 have in a quote past He the gall tree rules 3 ask speech: ask in a quote to-infinitive the gall not said here for more vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 eat in a quote gerund the gall not said here mine vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent my=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A gall is a lump on a plant, such as an oak apple, made when an insect lays eggs in it.
The tree, 21 words det nsubj cop det case det nmod punct case fixed det compound conj punct parataxis advmod det nsubj advcl obj case obl punct root A DET gall NOUN is AUX a DET lump NOUN on ADP a DET plant NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP an DET oak NOUN apple NOUN , PUNCT made VERB when ADV an DET insect NOUN lays VERB eggs NOUN in ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 gall det 2 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 5 lump nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 lump cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 lump det 5 lump lump NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 on on ADP _ 8 plant case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 plant det 8 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing 5 lump nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 14 apple punct 10 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 14 apple case 11 as as ADP _ 10 such fixed 12 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 apple det 13 oak oak NOUN Number=Sing 14 apple compound 14 apple apple NOUN Number=Sing 5 lump conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 16 made punct 16 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 lump parataxis 17 when when ADV PronType=Int 20 lays advmod 18 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 insect det 19 insect insect NOUN Number=Sing 20 lays nsubj 20 lays lay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 made advcl 21 eggs egg NOUN Number=Plur 20 lays obj 22 in in ADP _ 23 it case 23 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 20 lays obl 24 . . PUNCT _ 5 lump punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a gall a lump and a oak apple a plant tree rules 2 make participle vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset 3 lay present a insect eggs gall vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme in it=Destination
Meaning 3 Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.
Gall is bile, a bitter liquid from the liver; the gall bladder stores it.
The tree, 14 words compound cop punct det amod appos case det nmod punct det compound nsubj parataxis obj punct root Gall NOUN is AUX bile NOUN , PUNCT a DET bitter ADJ liquid NOUN from ADP the DET liver NOUN ; PUNCT the DET gall NOUN bladder NOUN stores VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 3 bile compound 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 bile cop 3 bile bile NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 7 liquid punct 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 liquid det 6 bitter bitter ADJ Degree=Pos 7 liquid amod 7 liquid liquid NOUN Number=Sing 3 bile appos 8 from from ADP _ 10 liver case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 liver det 10 liver liver NOUN Number=Sing 7 liquid nmod 11 ; ; PUNCT _ 15 stores punct 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 bladder det 13 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 14 bladder compound 14 bladder bladder NOUN Number=Sing 15 stores nsubj 15 stores store VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 bile parataxis 16 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 stores obj 17 . . PUNCT _ 3 bile punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Gall bile tree rules 2 store present the gall bladder liver vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
Meaning 4 To gall someone is to annoy them a lot because it feels unfair.
mark advcl obj cop mark obj det obl:unmarked mark nsubj advcl xcomp punct root To PART gall VERB someone PRON is AUX to PART annoy VERB them PRON a DET lot NOUN because SCONJ it PRON feels VERB unfair ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 gall mark 2 gall gall VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 annoy advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 gall obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 annoy cop 5 to to PART _ 6 annoy mark 6 annoy annoy VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 annoy obj 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 lot det 9 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 6 annoy obl:unmarked 10 because because SCONJ _ 12 feels mark 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 feels nsubj 12 feels feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 annoy advcl 13 unfair unfair ADJ Degree=Pos 12 feels xcomp 14 . . PUNCT _ 6 annoy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gall to-infinitive someone vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer 2 is present a lot obl:unmarked ; annoy property tree rules 3 feel present lot unfair property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 1 She had the gall to push in front of me.
nsubj det obj mark advcl case obl case nmod punct root She PRON had VERB the DET gall NOUN to PART push VERB in ADP front NOUN of ADP me PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 had nsubj 2 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 gall det 4 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 2 had obj 5 to to PART _ 6 push mark 6 push push VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 had advcl 7 in in ADP _ 8 front case 8 front front NOUN Number=Sing 6 push obl 9 of of ADP _ 10 me case 10 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 front nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past She the gall vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gall=Patient 2 push to-infinitive She not said here front of me vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent in front=Trajectory
Example 2 What gall! He took my seat and asked for my pencil.
Sentence 1: What gall!
det punct root What DET gall NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what DET PronType=Int 2 gall det 2 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 gall punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: He took my seat and asked for my pencil.
nsubj nmod:poss obj cc conj case nmod:poss obl punct root He PRON took VERB my PRON seat NOUN and CCONJ asked VERB for ADP my PRON pencil NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 took nsubj 2 took take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 seat nmod:poss 4 seat seat NOUN Number=Sing 2 took obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 asked cc 6 asked ask VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 took conj 7 for for ADP _ 9 pencil case 8 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 pencil nmod:poss 9 pencil pencil NOUN Number=Sing 6 asked obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 took punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take past He my seat vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seat=Theme 2 ask speech: ask past He not said here for my pencil vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 We found round galls on the oak leaves.
nsubj amod nsubj case det nmod ccomp punct root We PRON found VERB round ADJ galls NOUN on ADP the DET oak NOUN leaves VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 found nsubj 2 found find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 round round ADJ Degree=Pos 4 galls amod 4 galls gall NOUN Number=Plur 8 leaves nsubj 5 on on ADP _ 7 oak case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 oak det 7 oak oak NOUN Number=Sing 4 galls nmod 8 leaves leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 found ccomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 found punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find past We vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 leave present round galls on the oak vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 4 Old ink was made from oak galls.
amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case compound obl punct root Old ADJ ink NOUN was AUX made VERB from ADP oak NOUN galls NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Old old ADJ Degree=Pos 2 ink amod 2 ink ink NOUN Number=Sing 4 made nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 made aux:pass 4 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 from from ADP _ 7 galls case 6 oak oak NOUN Number=Sing 7 galls compound 7 galls gall NOUN Number=Plur 4 made obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past · passive Old ink oak galls vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from gall=Material
Example 5 The gall bladder is near the liver.
det compound nsubj cop case det punct root The DET gall NOUN bladder NOUN is AUX near ADP the DET liver NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 bladder det 2 gall gall NOUN Number=Sing 3 bladder compound 3 bladder bladder NOUN Number=Sing 7 liver nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 liver cop 5 near near ADP _ 7 liver case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 liver det 7 liver liver NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 liver punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present the gall bladder the liver tree rules
Example 6 It galls me that he got the prize for my idea.
nsubj obj mark nsubj ccomp det obj case nmod:poss nmod punct root It PRON galls VERB me PRON that SCONJ he PRON got VERB the DET prize NOUN for ADP my PRON idea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 galls nsubj 2 galls gall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 galls obj 4 that that SCONJ _ 6 got mark 5 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 got nsubj 6 got get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 galls ccomp 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 prize det 8 prize prize NOUN Number=Sing 6 got obj 9 for for ADP _ 11 idea case 10 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 idea nmod:poss 11 idea idea NOUN Number=Sing 8 prize nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 galls punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gall present It me tree rules 2 get past he the prize for my idea vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent prize=Theme for idea=Source
Example 7 Wasps cause galls to grow on plants.
nsubj obj mark xcomp case obl punct root Wasps NOUN cause VERB galls NOUN to PART grow VERB on ADP plants NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wasps wasp NOUN Number=Plur 2 cause nsubj 2 cause cause VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 galls gall NOUN Number=Plur 2 cause obj 4 to to PART _ 5 grow mark 5 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 cause xcomp 6 on on ADP _ 7 plants case 7 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 5 grow obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 cause punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cause present Wasps galls tree rules 2 grow to-infinitive galls not said here plants vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on plant=Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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