ghost Who acts: people, you, We, He, She, chance · What happens: believe, see, hear, stop, answer, ignore · To what, where: dead person, spirit, stories, messages, ghost, smile · Speech: someone speaks here
«ghost» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ghost in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 In stories, the spirit of a dead person that people believe can be seen or heard.
The tree, 16 words case obl punct det nsubj:pass case det amod nmod obj nsubj acl:relcl aux aux:pass cc conj punct root In ADP stories NOUN , PUNCT the DET spirit NOUN of ADP a DET dead ADJ person NOUN that PRON people NOUN believe VERB can AUX be AUX seen VERB or CCONJ heard VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 stories case 2 stories story NOUN Number=Plur 15 seen obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 stories punct 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 spirit det 5 spirit spirit NOUN Number=Sing 15 seen nsubj:pass 6 of of ADP _ 9 person case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 person det 8 dead dead ADJ Degree=Pos 9 person amod 9 person person NOUN Number=Sing 5 spirit nmod 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 believe obj 11 people people NOUN Number=Plur 12 believe nsubj 12 believe believe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 person acl:relcl 13 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 15 seen aux 14 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 15 seen aux:pass 15 seen see VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 heard cc 17 heard hear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 15 seen conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 15 seen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 believe present people a dead person vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer that=Stimulus 2 see can · passive the spirit of a dead person stories vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus 3 hear participle vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A very faint trace of something.
det advmod amod case nmod punct root A DET very ADV faint ADJ trace NOUN of ADP something PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 trace det 2 very very ADV _ 3 faint advmod 3 faint faint ADJ Degree=Pos 4 trace amod 4 trace trace NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 something case 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 trace nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 trace punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"a ghost of a smile".
punct det case det nmod punct punct root " PUNCT a DET ghost NOUN of ADP a DET smile NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 3 ghost punct 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 ghost det 3 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 of of ADP _ 6 smile case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 smile det 6 smile smile NOUN Number=Sing 3 ghost nmod 7 " " PUNCT _ 3 ghost punct 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 ghost punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ghost in a quote a smile nom ghost «cognition transitive»: of=patient
Meaning 3 Usage: verb, slang — kept apart, not parsed.
To suddenly stop answering someone's messages and ignore them.
mark advmod xcomp nmod:poss case obj cc conj obj punct root To PART suddenly ADV stop VERB answering VERB someone PRON 's PART messages NOUN and CCONJ ignore VERB them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 3 stop mark 2 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 3 stop advmod 3 stop stop VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 answering answer VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 stop xcomp 5 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 messages nmod:poss 6 's 's PART _ 5 someone case 7 messages message NOUN Number=Plur 4 answering obj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 ignore cc 9 ignore ignore VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 answering conj 10 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 ignore obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 stop punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stop to-infinitive suddenly property vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality 2 answer speech: assert gerund someone's messages vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent message=Eventuality 3 ignore present messages = message vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
Meaning 4 give up the ghost (informal): to die, or of a machine, to stop working.
The tree, 14 words compound:prt det obj punct amod punct punct mark conj punct cc case det obl punct mark conj xcomp punct root give VERB up ADP the DET ghost NOUN ( PUNCT informal ADJ ) PUNCT : PUNCT to PART die VERB , PUNCT or CCONJ of ADP a DET machine NOUN , PUNCT to PART stop VERB working VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 give give VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 up up ADP _ 1 give compound:prt 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ghost det 4 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 1 give obj 5 ( ( PUNCT _ 6 informal punct 6 informal informal ADJ Degree=Pos 4 ghost amod 7 ) ) PUNCT _ 6 informal punct 8 : : PUNCT _ 10 die punct 9 to to PART _ 10 die mark 10 die die VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 1 give conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 machine punct 12 or or CCONJ _ 15 machine cc 13 of of ADP _ 15 machine case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 machine det 15 machine machine NOUN Number=Sing 10 die obl 16 , , PUNCT _ 18 stop punct 17 to to PART _ 18 stop mark 18 stop stop VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 10 die conj 19 working work VERB VerbForm=Ger 18 stop xcomp 20 . . PUNCT _ 1 give punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give up imperative you not said here the ghost vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ghost=Source 2 die to-infinitive you not said here of a machine vn die-42.4-1 «NP V PP.cause»: agent=Patient of machine=Causer 3 stop to-infinitive you not said here vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality 4 work gerund you not said here vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 1 We told ghost stories round the campfire.
nsubj compound obj case det obl punct root We PRON told VERB ghost NOUN stories NOUN round ADP the DET campfire NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 told nsubj 2 told tell VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 4 stories compound 4 stories story NOUN Number=Plur 2 told obj 5 round round ADP _ 7 campfire case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 campfire det 7 campfire campfire NOUN Number=Sing 2 told obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 told punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 tell speech: assert past We ghost stories round the campfire vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent story=Recipient
Example 2 He dressed up as a ghost for Halloween.
nsubj compound:prt case det obl case nmod punct root He PRON dressed VERB up ADP as ADP a DET ghost NOUN for ADP Halloween PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 dressed nsubj 2 dressed dress VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 up up ADP _ 2 dressed compound:prt 4 as as ADP _ 6 ghost case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 ghost det 6 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 2 dressed obl 7 for for ADP _ 8 Halloween case 8 Halloween Halloween PROPN Number=Sing 6 ghost nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 dressed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 dress up past He as a ghost for Halloween vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 The old house is said to have a ghost.
det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass mark xcomp det obj punct root The DET old ADJ house NOUN is AUX said VERB to PART have VERB a DET ghost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 house det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 house amod 3 house house NOUN Number=Sing 5 said nsubj:pass 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 said aux:pass 5 said say VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 to to PART _ 7 have mark 7 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 said xcomp 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 ghost det 9 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 7 have obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present · passive the old house tree rules 2 have to-infinitive a ghost vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ghost=Patient
Example 4 She hasn't a ghost of a chance of winning.
nsubj advmod det obj case det nmod mark acl punct root She PRON has VERB n't PART a DET ghost NOUN of ADP a DET chance NOUN of SCONJ winning VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 has nsubj 2 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 2 has advmod 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 ghost det 5 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 2 has obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 chance case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 chance det 8 chance chance NOUN Number=Sing 5 ghost nmod 9 of of SCONJ _ 10 winning mark 10 winning win VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 chance acl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not have present She a ghost of a chance vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ghost=Patient 2 win gerund a chance not said here vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 ghost a chance nom ghost «cognition transitive»: of=patient
Example 5 My old phone finally gave up the ghost.
nmod:poss amod nsubj advmod compound:prt det obj punct root My PRON old ADJ phone NOUN finally ADV gave VERB up ADP the DET ghost NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 phone nmod:poss 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 phone amod 3 phone phone NOUN Number=Sing 5 gave nsubj 4 finally finally ADV _ 5 gave advmod 5 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 up up ADP _ 5 gave compound:prt 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 ghost det 8 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 5 gave obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give up past My old phone the ghost finally property vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ghost=Source
Example 6 (slang) He ghosted me after the party.
punct obl punct nsubj obj case det obl punct root ( PUNCT slang NOUN ) PUNCT He PRON ghosted VERB me PRON after ADP the DET party NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 2 slang slang NOUN Number=Sing 5 ghosted obl 3 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 4 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 ghosted nsubj 5 ghosted ghost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 ghosted obj 7 after after ADP _ 9 party case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 party det 9 party party NOUN Number=Sing 5 ghosted obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 ghosted punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ghost past He slang after the party vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location i=Theme
Example 7 It's a ghost town on Sunday mornings.
nsubj cop det compound case compound nmod punct root It PRON 's AUX a DET ghost NOUN town NOUN on ADP Sunday PROPN mornings NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 town nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 town cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 town det 4 ghost ghost NOUN Number=Sing 5 town compound 5 town town NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 on on ADP _ 8 mornings case 7 Sunday Sunday PROPN Number=Sing 8 mornings compound 8 mornings morning NOUN Number=Plur 5 town nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 town punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present It a ghost town morning tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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